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1. The hard palate __ between the mouth and nasal passages.

2. Sam Spade in The Maltese Falcon and Rick Blaine in Casablanca __ of Humphrey Bogart's more famous roles.

3. __ , the outermost layer of skin, is about as thick as a sheet of paper over most of the skin.

4. During the Precambrian period, the Earth's crust formed, and life __ in the seas.

5. When fluid accumulates against the eardrum. a second more insidious type of ___ .

6. Before the Statue of Liberty arrived in the United States, newspapers invited the public to help determine where __ placed after its arrival.

7. A stock __ at an inflated price is called a watered stock.

8. Acidic lava flows readily and tends to cover much larger areas, while basic lava __

9. Seismic reflection profiling has __ the ocean floor is underlain by a thin layer of nearly transparent sediments.

10. __ and terrifying. coral snakes can grow to 4 feet (1.2 meters) in length.

11. The leaves of the white mulberry provide food for silkworms, __ silk fabrics are woven.

12. As __ in Greek and Roman mythology, harpies were frightful monsters that were half woman and half bird.

13. Not only __ generate energy. but it also produces fuel for other fission reactors.

14. D.W. Griffith pioneered many of the stylistic features and filmmaking techniques __ as the Hollywood standard.

15. __ be needed. the water basin would need to be dammed.

16. Mosquitoes will accepts the malaria parasite at only one stage of the parasite's complex life cycle.

17. The counterpart of a negative electrons is the positive proton.

18. Alexander Hamilton's advocacy of a strong national government brought he into bitter conflict with Thomas Jefferson.

19. There are more than eighty-four million specimens in the National Museum of Natural History's collection of biological, geological, archeological, and anthropology treasures.

20. After George Washington married widow Martha Custis, the couple comes to reside
at Mount Vernon.

21. Rubberized asphalt can hardly be classified as cutting edge at this stage in their development.

22. Rhesus monkeys exhibit patterns of shyness similar to that in humans.

23. In space, with no gravity for muscles to work against, the body becomes weakly.

24. Fort Jefferson, in the Dry Tortugas off the southern tip of Florida, can be reach only by boat or plane.

25. Quarter horses were developed in eighteenth-century Virginia to race on courses short of about a quarter of a mile in length.

26. Supersonic flight is flight that is faster the speed of sound.

27. Since the dawn of agriculture 9,000 years ago, only a few animal species had been domesticated.

28. The Betataken House Ruins at Navajo National Monument is among the largest and most elaborate cliff dwellings in the country.

29. The island of Kauai has much streams, some of which have worn deep canyons into the rock.

30. It is a common observation that liquids will soak through some materials but not through other.

31. Surrounded by forested mountain slopes are the town of Telluride, a former gold-mining town 7,500 feet above sea level.

32. The newsreels of Hearst Metronome News, which formed part of every moviegoer's experience in the era before television, offer an unique record of the events of the 1930s.

33. Probably the best known of all dinosaurs. the Tyrannosaurus was larger and last of the meat-eating carnosaurs.

34. Unlikely gas sport balloons, hot air balloons do not have nets.

35. Born in Massachusetts in 1852, Albert Farbanks has begun making banjos in Boston in the late 1870s.

36. Methane in wetlands comes from soil bacteria that consumes organic plant matter.

37. Alois Alzheimer made the first observers of the telltale signs of the disease that today bears his name.

38. Edward McDowell remembers as the composer of such perennial favoritesas "To a Wild Rose" and "To a Water Lily."

39. Animism is the belief that objects and natural phenomena such as rivers. rocks. and wind are live and have feelings.

40. Newtonian physics accounts from the observation of the orbits of the planets and moons.

1. Question 1 - 10

Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination. Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the I 73-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the I82-foot-high American Falls on the U.S. side of the river in the state of New York. Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.

Most visitors come between April and October. and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view. It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River. such as  Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to 500 feet.

Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year. Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls. A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls. With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.

What is the major point that the author is making in this passage?

2. Question 1 - 10

Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination. Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the I 73-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the I82-foot-high American Falls on the U.S. side of the river in the state of New York. Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.

Most visitors come between April and October. and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view. It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River. such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to
500 feet.

Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year. Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls. A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls. With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.

The word "flock" in the second sentence paragraph 1  could best be replaced by

3. Question 1 - 10

Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination. Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the I 73-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the I82-foot-high American Falls on the U.S. side of the river in the state of New York. Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.

Most visitors come between April and October. and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view. It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River. such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to
500 feet.

Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year. Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls. A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls. With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.

According to the passage. which of the following best describes Niagara Falls?

4. Question 1 - 10

Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination. Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the I 73-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the I82-foot-high American Falls on the U.S. side of the river in the state of New York. Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.

Most visitors come between April and October. and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view. It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River. such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to
500 feet.

Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year. Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls. A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls. With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.

A "steamer" in the first sentence paragraph 2 is probably

5. Question 1 - 10

Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination. Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the I 73-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the I82-foot-high American Falls on the U.S. side of the river in the state of New York. Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.

Most visitors come between April and October. and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view. It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River. such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to
500 feet.

Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year. Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls. A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls. With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.

The expression "right up" in the first sentence paragraph 2 could best be replaced by

6. Question 1 - 10

Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination. Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the I 73-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the I82-foot-high American Falls on the U.S. side of the river in the state of New York. Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.

Most visitors come between April and October. and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view. It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River. such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to
500 feet.

Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year. Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls. A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls. With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.

The passage implies that tourists prefer to

7. Question 1 - 10

Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination. Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the I 73-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the I82-foot-high American Falls on the U.S. side of the river in the state of New York. Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.

Most visitors come between April and October. and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view. It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River. such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to
500 feet.

Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year. Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls. A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls. With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.

According to the passage, why was Niagara Park created?

8. Question 1 - 10

Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination. Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the I 73-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the I82-foot-high American Falls on the U.S. side of the river in the state of New York. Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.

Most visitors come between April and October. and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view. It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River. such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to
500 feet.

Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year. Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls. A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls. With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.

The word "jurisdiction" in the fourth sentence paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

9. Question 1 - 10

Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination. Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the I 73-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the I82-foot-high American Falls on the U.S. side of the river in the state of New York. Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.

Most visitors come between April and October. and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view. It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River. such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to
500 feet.

Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year. Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls. A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls. With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.

The word "pristine" in the fourth sentence paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

10. Question 1 - 10

Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination. Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the I 73-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the I82-foot-high American Falls on the U.S. side of the river in the state of New York. Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.

Most visitors come between April and October. and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view. It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River. such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to
500 feet.

Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year. Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls. A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls. With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area.

The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses

11. Questions 11-19

What is commonly called pepper in reality comes from two very different families of plants. Black and white pepper both corne from the fruit of the Piper nigrum, a vine with fruits called peppercorns. The peppercorns tum from green to red as they ripen and finally blacken as they dry out. The dried-out peppercorns are ground to obtain black pepper. White pepper, which has a more subtle flavor than black pepper, comes from the same peppercorns as black pepper; to obtain white pepper, the outer hull of the peppercorn, the pericarp, is removed before the peppercorn is ground.

Red and green peppers, on the other hand, corne from a completely different family from black and white pepper. Red and green peppers are from the genus Capsicum. Plants of this type generally have tiny white flowers and fruit which can be anyone of a number of colors, shapes, and sizes. These peppers range in flavor from very mild and sweet to the most incredibly burning taste imaginable. Bell peppers are the most mild, while habaneros are the most burning.

Christopher Columbus is responsible for the present-day confusion over what a pepper is. The Piper nigrum variety of pepper was highly valued for centuries, and high demand for pepper by Europeans was a major cause of the fifteenth-century push to locate ocean routes to the spice-growing regions of Asia. When Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492, he was particularly interested in finding black pepper because of the high price that it would command in Europe. Columbus came across plants from the Capsicum family in use among the people of the New World, and he incorrectly identified them as relatives of black pepper. Columbus introduced the spicy Capsicum chili peppers to Europeans on his return from the 1492 voyage, and traders later spread them to Asia and Africa. These Capsicum peppers have continued to be called peppers in spite of the fact that they are not related to the black and white pepper of the Piper nigrum family.

The purpose of this passage is to

12. Questions 11-19

What is commonly called pepper in reality comes from two very different families of plants. Black and white pepper both corne from the fruit of the Piper nigrum, a vine with fruits called peppercorns. The peppercorns tum from green to red as they ripen and finally blacken as they dry out. The dried-out peppercorns are ground to obtain black pepper. White pepper, which has a more subtle flavor than black pepper, comes from the same peppercorns as black pepper; to obtain white pepper, the outer hull of the peppercorn, the pericarp, is removed before the peppercorn is ground.

Red and green peppers, on the other hand, corne from a completely different family from black and white pepper. Red and green peppers are from the genus Capsicum. Plants of this type generally have tiny white flowers and fruit which can be anyone of a number of colors, shapes, and sizes. These peppers range in flavor from very mild and sweet to the most incredibly burning taste imaginable. Bell peppers are the most mild, while habaneros are the most burning.

Christopher Columbus is responsible for the present-day confusion over what a pepper is. The Piper nigrum variety of pepper was highly valued for centuries, and high demand for pepper by Europeans was a major cause of the fifteenth-century push to locate ocean routes to the spice-growing regions of Asia. When Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492, he was particularly interested in finding black pepper because of the high price that it would command in Europe. Columbus came across plants from the Capsicum family in use among the people of the New World, and he incorrectly identified them as relatives of black pepper. Columbus introduced the spicy Capsicum chili peppers to Europeans on his return from the 1492 voyage, and traders later spread them to Asia and Africa. These Capsicum peppers have continued to be called peppers in spite of the fact that they are not related to the black and white pepper of the Piper nigrum family.

The word "tum" in the third sentence paragraph 1 could best be replaced by

13. Questions 11-19

What is commonly called pepper in reality comes from two very different families of plants. Black and white pepper both corne from the fruit of the Piper nigrum, a vine with fruits called peppercorns. The peppercorns tum from green to red as they ripen and finally blacken as they dry out. The dried-out peppercorns are ground to obtain black pepper. White pepper, which has a more subtle flavor than black pepper, comes from the same peppercorns as black pepper; to obtain white pepper, the outer hull of the peppercorn, the pericarp, is removed before the peppercorn is ground.

Red and green peppers, on the other hand, corne from a completely different family from black and white pepper. Red and green peppers are from the genus Capsicum. Plants of this type generally have tiny white flowers and fruit which can be anyone of a number of colors, shapes, and sizes. These peppers range in flavor from very mild and sweet to the most incredibly burning taste imaginable. Bell peppers are the most mild, while habaneros are the most burning.

Christopher Columbus is responsible for the present-day confusion over what a pepper is. The Piper nigrum variety of pepper was highly valued for centuries, and high demand for pepper by Europeans was a major cause of the fifteenth-century push to locate ocean routes to the spice-growing regions of Asia. When Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492, he was particularly interested in finding black pepper because of the high price that it would command in Europe. Columbus came across plants from the Capsicum family in use among the people of the New World, and he incorrectly identified them as relatives of black pepper. Columbus introduced the spicy Capsicum chili peppers to Europeans on his return from the 1492 voyage, and traders later spread them to Asia and Africa. These Capsicum peppers have continued to be called peppers in spite of the fact that they are not related to the black and white pepper of the Piper nigrum family.

According to the passage, both black and white peppers

14. Questions 11-19

What is commonly called pepper in reality comes from two very different families of plants. Black and white pepper both corne from the fruit of the Piper nigrum, a vine with fruits called peppercorns. The peppercorns tum from green to red as they ripen and finally blacken as they dry out. The dried-out peppercorns are ground to obtain black pepper. White pepper, which has a more subtle flavor than black pepper, comes from the same peppercorns as black pepper; to obtain white pepper, the outer hull of the peppercorn, the pericarp, is removed before the peppercorn is ground.

Red and green peppers, on the other hand, corne from a completely different family from black and white pepper. Red and green peppers are from the genus Capsicum. Plants of this type generally have tiny white flowers and fruit which can be anyone of a number of colors, shapes, and sizes. These peppers range in flavor from very mild and sweet to the most incredibly burning taste imaginable. Bell peppers are the most mild, while habaneros are the most burning.

Christopher Columbus is responsible for the present-day confusion over what a pepper is. The Piper nigrum variety of pepper was highly valued for centuries, and high demand for pepper by Europeans was a major cause of the fifteenth-century push to locate ocean routes to the spice-growing regions of Asia. When Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492, he was particularly interested in finding black pepper because of the high price that it would command in Europe. Columbus came across plants from the Capsicum family in use among the people of the New World, and he incorrectly identified them as relatives of black pepper. Columbus introduced the spicy Capsicum chili peppers to Europeans on his return from the 1492 voyage, and traders later spread them to Asia and Africa. These Capsicum peppers have continued to be called peppers in spite of the fact that they are not related to the black and white pepper of the Piper nigrum family.

What part of the Piper nigrum is the pericarp?

15. Questions 11-19

What is commonly called pepper in reality comes from two very different families of plants. Black and white pepper both corne from the fruit of the Piper nigrum, a vine with fruits called peppercorns. The peppercorns tum from green to red as they ripen and finally blacken as they dry out. The dried-out peppercorns are ground to obtain black pepper. White pepper, which has a more subtle flavor than black pepper, comes from the same peppercorns as black pepper; to obtain white pepper, the outer hull of the peppercorn, the pericarp, is removed before the peppercorn is ground.

Red and green peppers, on the other hand, corne from a completely different family from black and white pepper. Red and green peppers are from the genus Capsicum. Plants of this type generally have tiny white flowers and fruit which can be anyone of a number of colors, shapes, and sizes. These peppers range in flavor from very mild and sweet to the most incredibly burning taste imaginable. Bell peppers are the most mild, while habaneros are the most burning.

Christopher Columbus is responsible for the present-day confusion over what a pepper is. The Piper nigrum variety of pepper was highly valued for centuries, and high demand for pepper by Europeans was a major cause of the fifteenth-century push to locate ocean routes to the spice-growing regions of Asia. When Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492, he was particularly interested in finding black pepper because of the high price that it would command in Europe. Columbus came across plants from the Capsicum family in use among the people of the New World, and he incorrectly identified them as relatives of black pepper. Columbus introduced the spicy Capsicum chili peppers to Europeans on his return from the 1492 voyage, and traders later spread them to Asia and Africa. These Capsicum peppers have continued to be called peppers in spite of the fact that they are not related to the black and white pepper of the Piper nigrum family.

What usually does NOT vary in a Capsicum plant?

16. Questions 11-19

What is commonly called pepper in reality comes from two very different families of plants. Black and white pepper both corne from the fruit of the Piper nigrum, a vine with fruits called peppercorns. The peppercorns tum from green to red as they ripen and finally blacken as they dry out. The dried-out peppercorns are ground to obtain black pepper. White pepper, which has a more subtle flavor than black pepper, comes from the same peppercorns as black pepper; to obtain white pepper, the outer hull of the peppercorn, the pericarp, is removed before the peppercorn is ground.

Red and green peppers, on the other hand, corne from a completely different family from black and white pepper. Red and green peppers are from the genus Capsicum. Plants of this type generally have tiny white flowers and fruit which can be anyone of a number of colors, shapes, and sizes. These peppers range in flavor from very mild and sweet to the most incredibly burning taste imaginable. Bell peppers are the most mild, while habaneros are the most burning.

Christopher Columbus is responsible for the present-day confusion over what a pepper is. The Piper nigrum variety of pepper was highly valued for centuries, and high demand for pepper by Europeans was a major cause of the fifteenth-century push to locate ocean routes to the spice-growing regions of Asia. When Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492, he was particularly interested in finding black pepper because of the high price that it would command in Europe. Columbus came across plants from the Capsicum family in use among the people of the New World, and he incorrectly identified them as relatives of black pepper. Columbus introduced the spicy Capsicum chili peppers to Europeans on his return from the 1492 voyage, and traders later spread them to Asia and Africa. These Capsicum peppers have continued to be called peppers in spite of the fact that they are not related to the black and white pepper of the Piper nigrum family.

The word "push" in the second sentence paragraph 3 could best be replaced by

17. Questions 11-19

What is commonly called pepper in reality comes from two very different families of plants. Black and white pepper both corne from the fruit of the Piper nigrum, a vine with fruits called peppercorns. The peppercorns tum from green to red as they ripen and finally blacken as they dry out. The dried-out peppercorns are ground to obtain black pepper. White pepper, which has a more subtle flavor than black pepper, comes from the same peppercorns as black pepper; to obtain white pepper, the outer hull of the peppercorn, the pericarp, is removed before the peppercorn is ground.

Red and green peppers, on the other hand, corne from a completely different family from black and white pepper. Red and green peppers are from the genus Capsicum. Plants of this type generally have tiny white flowers and fruit which can be anyone of a number of colors, shapes, and sizes. These peppers range in flavor from very mild and sweet to the most incredibly burning taste imaginable. Bell peppers are the most mild, while habaneros are the most burning.

Christopher Columbus is responsible for the present-day confusion over what a pepper is. The Piper nigrum variety of pepper was highly valued for centuries, and high demand for pepper by Europeans was a major cause of the fifteenth-century push to locate ocean routes to the spice-growing regions of Asia. When Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492, he was particularly interested in finding black pepper because of the high price that it would command in Europe. Columbus came across plants from the Capsicum family in use among the people of the New World, and he incorrectly identified them as relatives of black pepper. Columbus introduced the spicy Capsicum chili peppers to Europeans on his return from the 1492 voyage, and traders later spread them to Asia and Africa. These Capsicum peppers have continued to be called peppers in spite of the fact that they are not related to the black and white pepper of the Piper nigrum family.

The pronoun "them" in the fourth sentence paragraph 3 refers to

18. Questions 11-19

What is commonly called pepper in reality comes from two very different families of plants. Black and white pepper both corne from the fruit of the Piper nigrum, a vine with fruits called peppercorns. The peppercorns tum from green to red as they ripen and finally blacken as they dry out. The dried-out peppercorns are ground to obtain black pepper. White pepper, which has a more subtle flavor than black pepper, comes from the same peppercorns as black pepper; to obtain white pepper, the outer hull of the peppercorn, the pericarp, is removed before the peppercorn is ground.

Red and green peppers, on the other hand, corne from a completely different family from black and white pepper. Red and green peppers are from the genus Capsicum. Plants of this type generally have tiny white flowers and fruit which can be anyone of a number of colors, shapes, and sizes. These peppers range in flavor from very mild and sweet to the most incredibly burning taste imaginable. Bell peppers are the most mild, while habaneros are the most burning.

Christopher Columbus is responsible for the present-day confusion over what a pepper is. The Piper nigrum variety of pepper was highly valued for centuries, and high demand for pepper by Europeans was a major cause of the fifteenth-century push to locate ocean routes to the spice-growing regions of Asia. When Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492, he was particularly interested in finding black pepper because of the high price that it would command in Europe. Columbus came across plants from the Capsicum family in use among the people of the New World, and he incorrectly identified them as relatives of black pepper. Columbus introduced the spicy Capsicum chili peppers to Europeans on his return from the 1492 voyage, and traders later spread them to Asia and Africa. These Capsicum peppers have continued to be called peppers in spite of the fact that they are not related to the black and white pepper of the Piper nigrum family.

It can be inferred from the passage that chili peppers originally came from

19. Questions 11-19

What is commonly called pepper in reality comes from two very different families of plants. Black and white pepper both corne from the fruit of the Piper nigrum, a vine with fruits called peppercorns. The peppercorns tum from green to red as they ripen and finally blacken as they dry out. The dried-out peppercorns are ground to obtain black pepper. White pepper, which has a more subtle flavor than black pepper, comes from the same peppercorns as black pepper; to obtain white pepper, the outer hull of the peppercorn, the pericarp, is removed before the peppercorn is ground.

Red and green peppers, on the other hand, corne from a completely different family from black and white pepper. Red and green peppers are from the genus Capsicum. Plants of this type generally have tiny white flowers and fruit which can be anyone of a number of colors, shapes, and sizes. These peppers range in flavor from very mild and sweet to the most incredibly burning taste imaginable. Bell peppers are the most mild, while habaneros are the most burning.

Christopher Columbus is responsible for the present-day confusion over what a pepper is. The Piper nigrum variety of pepper was highly valued for centuries, and high demand for pepper by Europeans was a major cause of the fifteenth-century push to locate ocean routes to the spice-growing regions of Asia. When Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492, he was particularly interested in finding black pepper because of the high price that it would command in Europe. Columbus came across plants from the Capsicum family in use among the people of the New World, and he incorrectly identified them as relatives of black pepper. Columbus introduced the spicy Capsicum chili peppers to Europeans on his return from the 1492 voyage, and traders later spread them to Asia and Africa. These Capsicum peppers have continued to be called peppers in spite of the fact that they are not related to the black and white pepper of the Piper nigrum family.

Where in the passage does the author explain the mistake that Columbus made?

20. Questions 20-31

Just two months after the flight of Apollo 10. the Apollo II astronauts made their historic landing on the surface of the Moon. This momentous trip for humanity also provided scientists with an abundance of material for study; from rock and soil samples brought back from the Moon,  scientists have been able to determine much about the composition of the Moon as well as to draw inferences about the development of the Moon from its composition.

The Moon soil that came back on Apollo II contains small bits of rock and glass which were probably ground from larger rocks when meteors impacted with the surface of the Moon. The bits of glass are spherical in shape and constitute approximately half of the Moon soil. Scientists found no trace of animal or plant life in this soil.

In addition to the Moon soil. astronauts gathered two basic types of rocks from the surface of the Moon: basalt and breccia. Basalt is a cooled and hardened volcanic lava common to the Earth. Since basalt is formed under extremely high temperatures, the presence of this type of rock is an indication that the temperature of the Moon was once extremely hot. Breccia, the other kind of rock brought back by the astronauts. was formed during the impact of falling objects on the surface of the Moon. This second type of rock consists of small pieces of rock compressed together by the force of impact. Gases such as hydrogen and helium were found in some of the rocks. and scientists believe that these gases were carried to the Moon by the solar wind. the streams of gases that are constantly emitted by the Sun.

The paragraph preceding the passage most likely discusses

21. Questions 20-31

Just two months after the flight of Apollo 10. the Apollo II astronauts made their historic landing on the surface of the Moon. This momentous trip for humanity also provided scientists with an abundance of material for study; from rock and soil samples brought back from the Moon,  scientists have been able to determine much about the composition of the Moon as well as to draw inferences about the development of the Moon from its composition.

The Moon soil that came back on Apollo II contains small bits of rock and glass which were probably ground from larger rocks when meteors impacted with the surface of the Moon. The bits of glass are spherical in shape and constitute approximately half of the Moon soil. Scientists found no trace of animal or plant life in this soil.

In addition to the Moon soil. astronauts gathered two basic types of rocks from the surface of the Moon: basalt and breccia. Basalt is a cooled and hardened volcanic lava common to the Earth. Since basalt is formed under extremely high temperatures, the presence of this type of rock is an indication that the temperature of the Moon was once extremely hot. Breccia, the other kind of rock brought back by the astronauts. was formed during the impact of falling objects on the surface of the Moon. This second type of rock consists of small pieces of rock compressed together by the force of impact. Gases such as hydrogen and helium were found in some of the rocks. and scientists believe that these gases were carried to the Moon by the solar wind. the streams of gases that are constantly emitted by the Sun.

What is the subject of this passage?

22. Questions 20-31

Just two months after the flight of Apollo 10. the Apollo II astronauts made their historic landing on the surface of the Moon. This momentous trip for humanity also provided scientists with an abundance of material for study; from rock and soil samples brought back from the Moon,  scientists have been able to determine much about the composition of the Moon as well as to draw inferences about the development of the Moon from its composition.

The Moon soil that came back on Apollo II contains small bits of rock and glass which were probably ground from larger rocks when meteors impacted with the surface of the Moon. The bits of glass are spherical in shape and constitute approximately half of the Moon soil. Scientists found no trace of animal or plant life in this soil.

In addition to the Moon soil. astronauts gathered two basic types of rocks from the surface of the Moon: basalt and breccia. Basalt is a cooled and hardened volcanic lava common to the Earth. Since basalt is formed under extremely high temperatures, the presence of this type of rock is an indication that the temperature of the Moon was once extremely hot. Breccia, the other kind of rock brought back by the astronauts. was formed during the impact of falling objects on the surface of the Moon. This second type of rock consists of small pieces of rock compressed together by the force of impact. Gases such as hydrogen and helium were found in some of the rocks. and scientists believe that these gases were carried to the Moon by the solar wind. the streams of gases that are constantly emitted by the Sun.

An "abundance" in the second sentence paragraph 1 is

23. Questions 20-31

Just two months after the flight of Apollo 10. the Apollo II astronauts made their historic landing on the surface of the Moon. This momentous trip for humanity also provided scientists with an abundance of material for study; from rock and soil samples brought back from the Moon,  scientists have been able to determine much about the composition of the Moon as well as to draw inferences about the development of the Moon from its composition.

The Moon soil that came back on Apollo II contains small bits of rock and glass which were probably ground from larger rocks when meteors impacted with the surface of the Moon. The bits of glass are spherical in shape and constitute approximately half of the Moon soil. Scientists found no trace of animal or plant life in this soil.

In addition to the Moon soil. astronauts gathered two basic types of rocks from the surface of the Moon: basalt and breccia. Basalt is a cooled and hardened volcanic lava common to the Earth. Since basalt is formed under extremely high temperatures, the presence of this type of rock is an indication that the temperature of the Moon was once extremely hot. Breccia, the other kind of rock brought back by the astronauts. was formed during the impact of falling objects on the surface of the Moon. This second type of rock consists of small pieces of rock compressed together by the force of impact. Gases such as hydrogen and helium were found in some of the rocks. and scientists believe that these gases were carried to the Moon by the solar wind. the streams of gases that are constantly emitted by the Sun.

According to the passage, what does Moon soil consist of?

24. Questions 20-31

Just two months after the flight of Apollo 10. the Apollo II astronauts made their historic landing on the surface of the Moon. This momentous trip for humanity also provided scientists with an abundance of material for study; from rock and soil samples brought back from the Moon,  scientists have been able to determine much about the composition of the Moon as well as to draw inferences about the development of the Moon from its composition.

The Moon soil that came back on Apollo II contains small bits of rock and glass which were probably ground from larger rocks when meteors impacted with the surface of the Moon. The bits of glass are spherical in shape and constitute approximately half of the Moon soil. Scientists found no trace of animal or plant life in this soil.

In addition to the Moon soil. astronauts gathered two basic types of rocks from the surface of the Moon: basalt and breccia. Basalt is a cooled and hardened volcanic lava common to the Earth. Since basalt is formed under extremely high temperatures, the presence of this type of rock is an indication that the temperature of the Moon was once extremely hot. Breccia, the other kind of rock brought back by the astronauts. was formed during the impact of falling objects on the surface of the Moon. This second type of rock consists of small pieces of rock compressed together by the force of impact. Gases such as hydrogen and helium were found in some of the rocks. and scientists believe that these gases were carried to the Moon by the solar wind. the streams of gases that are constantly emitted by the Sun.

The word "spherical" in the second sentence paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

25. Questions 20-31

Just two months after the flight of Apollo 10. the Apollo II astronauts made their historic landing on the surface of the Moon. This momentous trip for humanity also provided scientists with an abundance of material for study; from rock and soil samples brought back from the Moon,  scientists have been able to determine much about the composition of the Moon as well as to draw inferences about the development of the Moon from its composition.

The Moon soil that came back on Apollo II contains small bits of rock and glass which were probably ground from larger rocks when meteors impacted with the surface of the Moon. The bits of glass are spherical in shape and constitute approximately half of the Moon soil. Scientists found no trace of animal or plant life in this soil.

In addition to the Moon soil. astronauts gathered two basic types of rocks from the surface of the Moon: basalt and breccia. Basalt is a cooled and hardened volcanic lava common to the Earth. Since basalt is formed under extremely high temperatures, the presence of this type of rock is an indication that the temperature of the Moon was once extremely hot. Breccia, the other kind of rock brought back by the astronauts. was formed during the impact of falling objects on the surface of the Moon. This second type of rock consists of small pieces of rock compressed together by the force of impact. Gases such as hydrogen and helium were found in some of the rocks. and scientists believe that these gases were carried to the Moon by the solar wind. the streams of gases that are constantly emitted by the Sun.

Which of the following was NOT brought back to the Earth by the astronauts?

26. Questions 20-31

Just two months after the flight of Apollo 10. the Apollo II astronauts made their historic landing on the surface of the Moon. This momentous trip for humanity also provided scientists with an abundance of material for study; from rock and soil samples brought back from the Moon,  scientists have been able to determine much about the composition of the Moon as well as to draw inferences about the development of the Moon from its composition.

The Moon soil that came back on Apollo II contains small bits of rock and glass which were probably ground from larger rocks when meteors impacted with the surface of the Moon. The bits of glass are spherical in shape and constitute approximately half of the Moon soil. Scientists found no trace of animal or plant life in this soil.

In addition to the Moon soil. astronauts gathered two basic types of rocks from the surface of the Moon: basalt and breccia. Basalt is a cooled and hardened volcanic lava common to the Earth. Since basalt is formed under extremely high temperatures, the presence of this type of rock is an indication that the temperature of the Moon was once extremely hot. Breccia, the other kind of rock brought back by the astronauts. was formed during the impact of falling objects on the surface of the Moon. This second type of rock consists of small pieces of rock compressed together by the force of impact. Gases such as hydrogen and helium were found in some of the rocks. and scientists believe that these gases were carried to the Moon by the solar wind. the streams of gases that are constantly emitted by the Sun.

An "indication" in the third sentence paragraph 3 is

27. Questions 20-31

Just two months after the flight of Apollo 10. the Apollo II astronauts made their historic landing on the surface of the Moon. This momentous trip for humanity also provided scientists with an abundance of material for study; from rock and soil samples brought back from the Moon,  scientists have been able to determine much about the composition of the Moon as well as to draw inferences about the development of the Moon from its composition.

The Moon soil that came back on Apollo II contains small bits of rock and glass which were probably ground from larger rocks when meteors impacted with the surface of the Moon. The bits of glass are spherical in shape and constitute approximately half of the Moon soil. Scientists found no trace of animal or plant life in this soil.

In addition to the Moon soil. astronauts gathered two basic types of rocks from the surface of the Moon: basalt and breccia. Basalt is a cooled and hardened volcanic lava common to the Earth. Since basalt is formed under extremely high temperatures, the presence of this type of rock is an indication that the temperature of the Moon was once extremely hot. Breccia, the other kind of rock brought back by the astronauts. was formed during the impact of falling objects on the surface of the Moon. This second type of rock consists of small pieces of rock compressed together by the force of impact. Gases such as hydrogen and helium were found in some of the rocks. and scientists believe that these gases were carried to the Moon by the solar wind. the streams of gases that are constantly emitted by the Sun.

According to the passage, breccia was fonned

28. Questions 20-31

Just two months after the flight of Apollo 10. the Apollo II astronauts made their historic landing on the surface of the Moon. This momentous trip for humanity also provided scientists with an abundance of material for study; from rock and soil samples brought back from the Moon,  scientists have been able to determine much about the composition of the Moon as well as to draw inferences about the development of the Moon from its composition.

The Moon soil that came back on Apollo II contains small bits of rock and glass which were probably ground from larger rocks when meteors impacted with the surface of the Moon. The bits of glass are spherical in shape and constitute approximately half of the Moon soil. Scientists found no trace of animal or plant life in this soil.

In addition to the Moon soil. astronauts gathered two basic types of rocks from the surface of the Moon: basalt and breccia. Basalt is a cooled and hardened volcanic lava common to the Earth. Since basalt is formed under extremely high temperatures, the presence of this type of rock is an indication that the temperature of the Moon was once extremely hot. Breccia, the other kind of rock brought back by the astronauts. was formed during the impact of falling objects on the surface of the Moon. This second type of rock consists of small pieces of rock compressed together by the force of impact. Gases such as hydrogen and helium were found in some of the rocks. and scientists believe that these gases were carried to the Moon by the solar wind. the streams of gases that are constantly emitted by the Sun.

It is implied in the passage that scientists believe that the gases found in the Moon rocks

29. Questions 20-31

Just two months after the flight of Apollo 10. the Apollo II astronauts made their historic landing on the surface of the Moon. This momentous trip for humanity also provided scientists with an abundance of material for study; from rock and soil samples brought back from the Moon,  scientists have been able to determine much about the composition of the Moon as well as to draw inferences about the development of the Moon from its composition.

The Moon soil that came back on Apollo II contains small bits of rock and glass which were probably ground from larger rocks when meteors impacted with the surface of the Moon. The bits of glass are spherical in shape and constitute approximately half of the Moon soil. Scientists found no trace of animal or plant life in this soil.

In addition to the Moon soil. astronauts gathered two basic types of rocks from the surface of the Moon: basalt and breccia. Basalt is a cooled and hardened volcanic lava common to the Earth. Since basalt is formed under extremely high temperatures, the presence of this type of rock is an indication that the temperature of the Moon was once extremely hot. Breccia, the other kind of rock brought back by the astronauts. was formed during the impact of falling objects on the surface of the Moon. This second type of rock consists of small pieces of rock compressed together by the force of impact. Gases such as hydrogen and helium were found in some of the rocks. and scientists believe that these gases were carried to the Moon by the solar wind. the streams of gases that are constantly emitted by the Sun.

The word "emitted" in the sixth sentence paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

30. Questions 20-31

Just two months after the flight of Apollo 10. the Apollo II astronauts made their historic landing on the surface of the Moon. This momentous trip for humanity also provided scientists with an abundance of material for study; from rock and soil samples brought back from the Moon,  scientists have been able to determine much about the composition of the Moon as well as to draw inferences about the development of the Moon from its composition.

The Moon soil that came back on Apollo II contains small bits of rock and glass which were probably ground from larger rocks when meteors impacted with the surface of the Moon. The bits of glass are spherical in shape and constitute approximately half of the Moon soil. Scientists found no trace of animal or plant life in this soil.

In addition to the Moon soil. astronauts gathered two basic types of rocks from the surface of the Moon: basalt and breccia. Basalt is a cooled and hardened volcanic lava common to the Earth. Since basalt is formed under extremely high temperatures, the presence of this type of rock is an indication that the temperature of the Moon was once extremely hot. Breccia, the other kind of rock brought back by the astronauts. was formed during the impact of falling objects on the surface of the Moon. This second type of rock consists of small pieces of rock compressed together by the force of impact. Gases such as hydrogen and helium were found in some of the rocks. and scientists believe that these gases were carried to the Moon by the solar wind. the streams of gases that are constantly emitted by the Sun.

The author's purpose in this passage is to

31. Questions 20-31

Just two months after the flight of Apollo 10. the Apollo II astronauts made their historic landing on the surface of the Moon. This momentous trip for humanity also provided scientists with an abundance of material for study; from rock and soil samples brought back from the Moon,  scientists have been able to determine much about the composition of the Moon as well as to draw inferences about the development of the Moon from its composition.

The Moon soil that came back on Apollo II contains small bits of rock and glass which were probably ground from larger rocks when meteors impacted with the surface of the Moon. The bits of glass are spherical in shape and constitute approximately half of the Moon soil. Scientists found no trace of animal or plant life in this soil.

In addition to the Moon soil. astronauts gathered two basic types of rocks from the surface of the Moon: basalt and breccia. Basalt is a cooled and hardened volcanic lava common to the Earth. Since basalt is formed under extremely high temperatures, the presence of this type of rock is an indication that the temperature of the Moon was once extremely hot. Breccia, the other kind of rock brought back by the astronauts. was formed during the impact of falling objects on the surface of the Moon. This second type of rock consists of small pieces of rock compressed together by the force of impact. Gases such as hydrogen and helium were found in some of the rocks. and scientists believe that these gases were carried to the Moon by the solar wind. the streams of gases that are constantly emitted by the Sun.

It can be inferred from the passage that

32. Questions 32-40

Today. the most universally known style of trousers for both men and women is jeans; these trousers are worn throughout the world on a variety of occasions and in diverse situations. Also called levis or denims, jeans have an interesting history, one that is intermixed with the derivations of the words jeans, denims, and levis.

The word jeans is derived from the name of the place where a similar style of pants developed. In the sixteenth century, sailors from Genoa, Italy, wore a rather unique type of cotton trousers. In the French language, the word for the city of Genoa and for the people from that city is Genes; this name became attached to the specific style of pants worn by the sailors from this city and developed into the word jeans that today describes the descendents of the Genovese sailors' cotton pants.

Similar to the word jeans, the word denim is also derived from a place name. In the seventeenth century, French tailors began making trousers out of a specialized type of cloth that was developed in the city of Nimes, France, and was known as serge de Nimes. This name for the cloth underwent some transformations, and it eventually developed into today's denim, the material from which jeans are made and an alternate name for these popular pants.

The word levis came from the name of a person rather than a place. In the nineteenth century, immigrant Levi Strauss came to America and tried his hand at selling heavy canvas to miners taking part in the hunt for gold in northern California. Strauss intended for this canvas to be used by miners to make heavy-duty tents. This first endeavor was a failure, but Strauss later found success when he used the heavy canvas to make indestructible pants for the miners. Levi then switched the fabric from brown canvas to blue denim, creating a style of pants that long outlived him and today is referred toby his name. A modern-day urban shopper out to buy some levis is searching for a close relative of the product that Strauss had developed years earlier.

This passage is developed by

33. Questions 32-40

Today. the most universally known style of trousers for both men and women is jeans; these trousers are worn throughout the world on a variety of occasions and in diverse situations. Also called levis or denims, jeans have an interesting history, one that is intermixed with the derivations of the words jeans, denims, and levis.

The word jeans is derived from the name of the place where a similar style of pants developed. In the sixteenth century, sailors from Genoa, Italy, wore a rather unique type of cotton trousers. In the French language, the word for the city of Genoa and for the people from that city is Genes; this name became attached to the specific style of pants worn by the sailors from this city and developed into the word jeans that today describes the descendents of the Genovese sailors' cotton pants.

Similar to the word jeans, the word denim is also derived from a place name. In the seventeenth century, French tailors began making trousers out of a specialized type of cloth that was developed in the city of Nimes, France, and was known as serge de Nimes. This name for the cloth underwent some transformations, and it eventually developed into today's denim, the material from which jeans are made and an alternate name for these popular pants.

The word levis came from the name of a person rather than a place. In the nineteenth century, immigrant Levi Strauss came to America and tried his hand at selling heavy canvas to miners taking part in the hunt for gold in northern California. Strauss intended for this canvas to be used by miners to make heavy-duty tents. This first endeavor was a failure, but Strauss later found success when he used the heavy canvas to make indestructible pants for the miners. Levi then switched the fabric from brown canvas to blue denim, creating a style of pants that long outlived him and today is referred toby his name. A modern-day urban shopper out to buy some levis is searching for a close relative of the product that Strauss had developed years earlier.

The word "unique" in the second sentence paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

34. Questions 32-40

Today. the most universally known style of trousers for both men and women is jeans; these trousers are worn throughout the world on a variety of occasions and in diverse situations. Also called levis or denims, jeans have an interesting history, one that is intermixed with the derivations of the words jeans, denims, and levis.

The word jeans is derived from the name of the place where a similar style of pants developed. In the sixteenth century, sailors from Genoa, Italy, wore a rather unique type of cotton trousers. In the French language, the word for the city of Genoa and for the people from that city is Genes; this name became attached to the specific style of pants worn by the sailors from this city and developed into the word jeans that today describes the descendents of the Genovese sailors' cotton pants.

Similar to the word jeans, the word denim is also derived from a place name. In the seventeenth century, French tailors began making trousers out of a specialized type of cloth that was developed in the city of Nimes, France, and was known as serge de Nimes. This name for the cloth underwent some transformations, and it eventually developed into today's denim, the material from which jeans are made and an alternate name for these popular pants.

The word levis came from the name of a person rather than a place. In the nineteenth century, immigrant Levi Strauss came to America and tried his hand at selling heavy canvas to miners taking part in the hunt for gold in northern California. Strauss intended for this canvas to be used by miners to make heavy-duty tents. This first endeavor was a failure, but Strauss later found success when he used the heavy canvas to make indestructible pants for the miners. Levi then switched the fabric from brown canvas to blue denim, creating a style of pants that long outlived him and today is referred toby his name. A modern-day urban shopper out to buy some levis is searching for a close relative of the product that Strauss had developed years earlier.

All of the following are mentioned in the passage about Genoa EXCEPT that it

35. Questions 32-40

Today. the most universally known style of trousers for both men and women is jeans; these trousers are worn throughout the world on a variety of occasions and in diverse situations. Also called levis or denims, jeans have an interesting history, one that is intermixed with the derivations of the words jeans, denims, and levis.

The word jeans is derived from the name of the place where a similar style of pants developed. In the sixteenth century, sailors from Genoa, Italy, wore a rather unique type of cotton trousers. In the French language, the word for the city of Genoa and for the people from that city is Genes; this name became attached to the specific style of pants worn by the sailors from this city and developed into the word jeans that today describes the descendents of the Genovese sailors' cotton pants.

Similar to the word jeans, the word denim is also derived from a place name. In the seventeenth century, French tailors began making trousers out of a specialized type of cloth that was developed in the city of Nimes, France, and was known as serge de Nimes. This name for the cloth underwent some transformations, and it eventually developed into today's denim, the material from which jeans are made and an alternate name for these popular pants.

The word levis came from the name of a person rather than a place. In the nineteenth century, immigrant Levi Strauss came to America and tried his hand at selling heavy canvas to miners taking part in the hunt for gold in northern California. Strauss intended for this canvas to be used by miners to make heavy-duty tents. This first endeavor was a failure, but Strauss later found success when he used the heavy canvas to make indestructible pants for the miners. Levi then switched the fabric from brown canvas to blue denim, creating a style of pants that long outlived him and today is referred toby his name. A modern-day urban shopper out to buy some levis is searching for a close relative of the product that Strauss had developed years earlier.

The word "descendents" in the third sentence paragraph 2 could best be replaced by

36. Questions 32-40

Today. the most universally known style of trousers for both men and women is jeans; these trousers are worn throughout the world on a variety of occasions and in diverse situations. Also called levis or denims, jeans have an interesting history, one that is intermixed with the derivations of the words jeans, denims, and levis.

The word jeans is derived from the name of the place where a similar style of pants developed. In the sixteenth century, sailors from Genoa, Italy, wore a rather unique type of cotton trousers. In the French language, the word for the city of Genoa and for the people from that city is Genes; this name became attached to the specific style of pants worn by the sailors from this city and developed into the word jeans that today describes the descendents of the Genovese sailors' cotton pants.

Similar to the word jeans, the word denim is also derived from a place name. In the seventeenth century, French tailors began making trousers out of a specialized type of cloth that was developed in the city of Nimes, France, and was known as serge de Nimes. This name for the cloth underwent some transformations, and it eventually developed into today's denim, the material from which jeans are made and an alternate name for these popular pants.

The word levis came from the name of a person rather than a place. In the nineteenth century, immigrant Levi Strauss came to America and tried his hand at selling heavy canvas to miners taking part in the hunt for gold in northern California. Strauss intended for this canvas to be used by miners to make heavy-duty tents. This first endeavor was a failure, but Strauss later found success when he used the heavy canvas to make indestructible pants for the miners. Levi then switched the fabric from brown canvas to blue denim, creating a style of pants that long outlived him and today is referred toby his name. A modern-day urban shopper out to buy some levis is searching for a close relative of the product that Strauss had developed years earlier.

The word denim was most probably derived from

37. Questions 32-40

Today. the most universally known style of trousers for both men and women is jeans; these trousers are worn throughout the world on a variety of occasions and in diverse situations. Also called levis or denims, jeans have an interesting history, one that is intermixed with the derivations of the words jeans, denims, and levis.

The word jeans is derived from the name of the place where a similar style of pants developed. In the sixteenth century, sailors from Genoa, Italy, wore a rather unique type of cotton trousers. In the French language, the word for the city of Genoa and for the people from that city is Genes; this name became attached to the specific style of pants worn by the sailors from this city and developed into the word jeans that today describes the descendents of the Genovese sailors' cotton pants.

Similar to the word jeans, the word denim is also derived from a place name. In the seventeenth century, French tailors began making trousers out of a specialized type of cloth that was developed in the city of Nimes, France, and was known as serge de Nimes. This name for the cloth underwent some transformations, and it eventually developed into today's denim, the material from which jeans are made and an alternate name for these popular pants.

The word levis came from the name of a person rather than a place. In the nineteenth century, immigrant Levi Strauss came to America and tried his hand at selling heavy canvas to miners taking part in the hunt for gold in northern California. Strauss intended for this canvas to be used by miners to make heavy-duty tents. This first endeavor was a failure, but Strauss later found success when he used the heavy canvas to make indestructible pants for the miners. Levi then switched the fabric from brown canvas to blue denim, creating a style of pants that long outlived him and today is referred toby his name. A modern-day urban shopper out to buy some levis is searching for a close relative of the product that Strauss had developed years earlier.

The pronoun "it" in the third sentence paragraph 3 refers to

38. Questions 32-40

Today. the most universally known style of trousers for both men and women is jeans; these trousers are worn throughout the world on a variety of occasions and in diverse situations. Also called levis or denims, jeans have an interesting history, one that is intermixed with the derivations of the words jeans, denims, and levis.

The word jeans is derived from the name of the place where a similar style of pants developed. In the sixteenth century, sailors from Genoa, Italy, wore a rather unique type of cotton trousers. In the French language, the word for the city of Genoa and for the people from that city is Genes; this name became attached to the specific style of pants worn by the sailors from this city and developed into the word jeans that today describes the descendents of the Genovese sailors' cotton pants.

Similar to the word jeans, the word denim is also derived from a place name. In the seventeenth century, French tailors began making trousers out of a specialized type of cloth that was developed in the city of Nimes, France, and was known as serge de Nimes. This name for the cloth underwent some transformations, and it eventually developed into today's denim, the material from which jeans are made and an alternate name for these popular pants.

The word levis came from the name of a person rather than a place. In the nineteenth century, immigrant Levi Strauss came to America and tried his hand at selling heavy canvas to miners taking part in the hunt for gold in northern California. Strauss intended for this canvas to be used by miners to make heavy-duty tents. This first endeavor was a failure, but Strauss later found success when he used the heavy canvas to make indestructible pants for the miners. Levi then switched the fabric from brown canvas to blue denim, creating a style of pants that long outlived him and today is referred toby his name. A modern-day urban shopper out to buy some levis is searching for a close relative of the product that Strauss had developed years earlier.

The word "switched" in the fifth sentence paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

39. Questions 32-40

Today. the most universally known style of trousers for both men and women is jeans; these trousers are worn throughout the world on a variety of occasions and in diverse situations. Also called levis or denims, jeans have an interesting history, one that is intermixed with the derivations of the words jeans, denims, and levis.

The word jeans is derived from the name of the place where a similar style of pants developed. In the sixteenth century, sailors from Genoa, Italy, wore a rather unique type of cotton trousers. In the French language, the word for the city of Genoa and for the people from that city is Genes; this name became attached to the specific style of pants worn by the sailors from this city and developed into the word jeans that today describes the descendents of the Genovese sailors' cotton pants.

Similar to the word jeans, the word denim is also derived from a place name. In the seventeenth century, French tailors began making trousers out of a specialized type of cloth that was developed in the city of Nimes, France, and was known as serge de Nimes. This name for the cloth underwent some transformations, and it eventually developed into today's denim, the material from which jeans are made and an alternate name for these popular pants.

The word levis came from the name of a person rather than a place. In the nineteenth century, immigrant Levi Strauss came to America and tried his hand at selling heavy canvas to miners taking part in the hunt for gold in northern California. Strauss intended for this canvas to be used by miners to make heavy-duty tents. This first endeavor was a failure, but Strauss later found success when he used the heavy canvas to make indestructible pants for the miners. Levi then switched the fabric from brown canvas to blue denim, creating a style of pants that long outlived him and today is referred toby his name. A modern-day urban shopper out to buy some levis is searching for a close relative of the product that Strauss had developed years earlier.

It can be inferred from the passage that. in order to develop the pants for which he became famous. Strauss did which of the following?

40. Questions 32-40

Today. the most universally known style of trousers for both men and women is jeans; these trousers are worn throughout the world on a variety of occasions and in diverse situations. Also called levis or denims, jeans have an interesting history, one that is intermixed with the derivations of the words jeans, denims, and levis.

The word jeans is derived from the name of the place where a similar style of pants developed. In the sixteenth century, sailors from Genoa, Italy, wore a rather unique type of cotton trousers. In the French language, the word for the city of Genoa and for the people from that city is Genes; this name became attached to the specific style of pants worn by the sailors from this city and developed into the word jeans that today describes the descendents of the Genovese sailors' cotton pants.

Similar to the word jeans, the word denim is also derived from a place name. In the seventeenth century, French tailors began making trousers out of a specialized type of cloth that was developed in the city of Nimes, France, and was known as serge de Nimes. This name for the cloth underwent some transformations, and it eventually developed into today's denim, the material from which jeans are made and an alternate name for these popular pants.

The word levis came from the name of a person rather than a place. In the nineteenth century, immigrant Levi Strauss came to America and tried his hand at selling heavy canvas to miners taking part in the hunt for gold in northern California. Strauss intended for this canvas to be used by miners to make heavy-duty tents. This first endeavor was a failure, but Strauss later found success when he used the heavy canvas to make indestructible pants for the miners. Levi then switched the fabric from brown canvas to blue denim, creating a style of pants that long outlived him and today is referred toby his name. A modern-day urban shopper out to buy some levis is searching for a close relative of the product that Strauss had developed years earlier.

Where in the passage does the author explain how Strauss' first attempt at creating a business with canvas turned out?

41. Questions 41-50

During the heyday of the railroads, when America's rail system provided the bulk of the country's passenger and freight transportation, various types of railroad cars were in service to accomplish the varied tasks handled by the railroads. One type of car that was not available for public use prior to the Civil War, however, was a sleeping car; ideas for sleeping cars abounded at the time, but these ideas were unworkable. It unfortunately took the death of a president to make the sleeping car a viable reality.

Cabinet-maker George M. Pullman had recognized the demand for sleeping cars and had worked on developing experimental models of sleeping cars in the decade leading up to the Civil War. However, in spite of the fact that he had made successful test runs on the Chicago and Alton Railroads with his models, he was unable to sell his idea because his models were too wide and too high for existing train stations and bridges. In 1863, after spending time working as a storekeeper in a Colorado mining town, he invested his savings of twenty thousand dollars, a huge fortune at that time and all the money that he had in the world, in a luxurious sleeping car that he named the Pioneer. Pullman and friend Ben Field built the Pioneer on the site of the present-day Chicago Union Station. For two years, however, the Pioneer sat on a railroad siding, useless because it could not fit through train stations and over bridges.

Following President Lincoln's assassination in 1865, the state of Illinois, Lincoln's birthplace, wanted to transport the presidential casket in the finest fashion possible. The Pullman Pioneer was the most elegant car around; in order to make the Pullman part of the presidential funeral train in its run from Springfield to Chicago, the state cut down station platforms and raised bridges in order to accommodate the luxurious railway car. The Pullman car greatly impressed the funeral party, which included Lincoln's successor as president, General Ulysses S. Grant, and Grant later requested the Pioneer for a trip from Detroit to Chicago. To satisfy Grant's request for the Pioneer, the Michigan Central Railroad made improvements on its line to accommodate the wide car, and soon other railroads followed. George Pullman founded the Pullman Palace Car Company in partnership with financier Andrew Carnegie and eventually became a millionaire.

Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?

42. Questions 41-50

During the heyday of the railroads, when America's rail system provided the bulk of the country's passenger and freight transportation, various types of railroad cars were in service to accomplish the varied tasks handled by the railroads. One type of car that was not available for public use prior to the Civil War, however, was a sleeping car; ideas for sleeping cars abounded at the time, but these ideas were unworkable. It unfortunately took the death of a president to make the sleeping car a viable reality.

Cabinet-maker George M. Pullman had recognized the demand for sleeping cars and had worked on developing experimental models of sleeping cars in the decade leading up to the Civil War. However, in spite of the fact that he had made successful test runs on the Chicago and Alton Railroads with his models, he was unable to sell his idea because his models were too wide and too high for existing train stations and bridges. In 1863, after spending time working as a storekeeper in a Colorado mining town, he invested his savings of twenty thousand dollars, a huge fortune at that time and all the money that he had in the world, in a luxurious sleeping car that he named the Pioneer. Pullman and friend Ben Field built the Pioneer on the site of the present-day Chicago Union Station. For two years, however, the Pioneer sat on a railroad siding, useless because it could not fit through train stations and over bridges.

Following President Lincoln's assassination in 1865, the state of Illinois, Lincoln's birthplace, wanted to transport the presidential casket in the finest fashion possible. The Pullman Pioneer was the most elegant car around; in order to make the Pullman part of the presidential funeral train in its run from Springfield to Chicago, the state cut down station platforms and raised bridges in order to accommodate the luxurious railway car. The Pullman car greatly impressed the funeral party, which included Lincoln's successor as president, General Ulysses S. Grant, and Grant later requested the Pioneer for a trip from Detroit to Chicago. To satisfy Grant's request for the Pioneer, the Michigan Central Railroad made improvements on its line to accommodate the wide car, and soon other railroads followed. George Pullman founded the Pullman Palace Car Company in partnership with financier Andrew Carnegie and eventually became a millionaire.

A "heyday" in the first sentence paragraph 1 is most probably a

43. Questions 41-50

During the heyday of the railroads, when America's rail system provided the bulk of the country's passenger and freight transportation, various types of railroad cars were in service to accomplish the varied tasks handled by the railroads. One type of car that was not available for public use prior to the Civil War, however, was a sleeping car; ideas for sleeping cars abounded at the time, but these ideas were unworkable. It unfortunately took the death of a president to make the sleeping car a viable reality.

Cabinet-maker George M. Pullman had recognized the demand for sleeping cars and had worked on developing experimental models of sleeping cars in the decade leading up to the Civil War. However, in spite of the fact that he had made successful test runs on the Chicago and Alton Railroads with his models, he was unable to sell his idea because his models were too wide and too high for existing train stations and bridges. In 1863, after spending time working as a storekeeper in a Colorado mining town, he invested his savings of twenty thousand dollars, a huge fortune at that time and all the money that he had in the world, in a luxurious sleeping car that he named the Pioneer. Pullman and friend Ben Field built the Pioneer on the site of the present-day Chicago Union Station. For two years, however, the Pioneer sat on a railroad siding, useless because it could not fit through train stations and over bridges.

Following President Lincoln's assassination in 1865, the state of Illinois, Lincoln's birthplace, wanted to transport the presidential casket in the finest fashion possible. The Pullman Pioneer was the most elegant car around; in order to make the Pullman part of the presidential funeral train in its run from Springfield to Chicago, the state cut down station platforms and raised bridges in order to accommodate the luxurious railway car. The Pullman car greatly impressed the funeral party, which included Lincoln's successor as president, General Ulysses S. Grant, and Grant later requested the Pioneer for a trip from Detroit to Chicago. To satisfy Grant's request for the Pioneer, the Michigan Central Railroad made improvements on its line to accommodate the wide car, and soon other railroads followed. George Pullman founded the Pullman Palace Car Company in partnership with financier Andrew Carnegie and eventually became a millionaire.

It can be inferred from the passage that before the Civil War, sleeping cars

44. Questions 41-50

During the heyday of the railroads, when America's rail system provided the bulk of the country's passenger and freight transportation, various types of railroad cars were in service to accomplish the varied tasks handled by the railroads. One type of car that was not available for public use prior to the Civil War, however, was a sleeping car; ideas for sleeping cars abounded at the time, but these ideas were unworkable. It unfortunately took the death of a president to make the sleeping car a viable reality.

Cabinet-maker George M. Pullman had recognized the demand for sleeping cars and had worked on developing experimental models of sleeping cars in the decade leading up to the Civil War. However, in spite of the fact that he had made successful test runs on the Chicago and Alton Railroads with his models, he was unable to sell his idea because his models were too wide and too high for existing train stations and bridges. In 1863, after spending time working as a storekeeper in a Colorado mining town, he invested his savings of twenty thousand dollars, a huge fortune at that time and all the money that he had in the world, in a luxurious sleeping car that he named the Pioneer. Pullman and friend Ben Field built the Pioneer on the site of the present-day Chicago Union Station. For two years, however, the Pioneer sat on a railroad siding, useless because it could not fit through train stations and over bridges.

Following President Lincoln's assassination in 1865, the state of Illinois, Lincoln's birthplace, wanted to transport the presidential casket in the finest fashion possible. The Pullman Pioneer was the most elegant car around; in order to make the Pullman part of the presidential funeral train in its run from Springfield to Chicago, the state cut down station platforms and raised bridges in order to accommodate the luxurious railway car. The Pullman car greatly impressed the funeral party, which included Lincoln's successor as president, General Ulysses S. Grant, and Grant later requested the Pioneer for a trip from Detroit to Chicago. To satisfy Grant's request for the Pioneer, the Michigan Central Railroad made improvements on its line to accommodate the wide car, and soon other railroads followed. George Pullman founded the Pullman Palace Car Company in partnership with financier Andrew Carnegie and eventually became a millionaire.

The word "test" in the second sentence paragraph 2 could best be replaced by which of the following?

45. Questions 41-50

During the heyday of the railroads, when America's rail system provided the bulk of the country's passenger and freight transportation, various types of railroad cars were in service to accomplish the varied tasks handled by the railroads. One type of car that was not available for public use prior to the Civil War, however, was a sleeping car; ideas for sleeping cars abounded at the time, but these ideas were unworkable. It unfortunately took the death of a president to make the sleeping car a viable reality.

Cabinet-maker George M. Pullman had recognized the demand for sleeping cars and had worked on developing experimental models of sleeping cars in the decade leading up to the Civil War. However, in spite of the fact that he had made successful test runs on the Chicago and Alton Railroads with his models, he was unable to sell his idea because his models were too wide and too high for existing train stations and bridges. In 1863, after spending time working as a storekeeper in a Colorado mining town, he invested his savings of twenty thousand dollars, a huge fortune at that time and all the money that he had in the world, in a luxurious sleeping car that he named the Pioneer. Pullman and friend Ben Field built the Pioneer on the site of the present-day Chicago Union Station. For two years, however, the Pioneer sat on a railroad siding, useless because it could not fit through train stations and over bridges.

Following President Lincoln's assassination in 1865, the state of Illinois, Lincoln's birthplace, wanted to transport the presidential casket in the finest fashion possible. The Pullman Pioneer was the most elegant car around; in order to make the Pullman part of the presidential funeral train in its run from Springfield to Chicago, the state cut down station platforms and raised bridges in order to accommodate the luxurious railway car. The Pullman car greatly impressed the funeral party, which included Lincoln's successor as president, General Ulysses S. Grant, and Grant later requested the Pioneer for a trip from Detroit to Chicago. To satisfy Grant's request for the Pioneer, the Michigan Central Railroad made improvements on its line to accommodate the wide car, and soon other railroads followed. George Pullman founded the Pullman Palace Car Company in partnership with financier Andrew Carnegie and eventually became a millionaire.

What was the initial problem that made Pullman's cars unusable?

46. Questions 41-50

During the heyday of the railroads, when America's rail system provided the bulk of the country's passenger and freight transportation, various types of railroad cars were in service to accomplish the varied tasks handled by the railroads. One type of car that was not available for public use prior to the Civil War, however, was a sleeping car; ideas for sleeping cars abounded at the time, but these ideas were unworkable. It unfortunately took the death of a president to make the sleeping car a viable reality.

Cabinet-maker George M. Pullman had recognized the demand for sleeping cars and had worked on developing experimental models of sleeping cars in the decade leading up to the Civil War. However, in spite of the fact that he had made successful test runs on the Chicago and Alton Railroads with his models, he was unable to sell his idea because his models were too wide and too high for existing train stations and bridges. In 1863, after spending time working as a storekeeper in a Colorado mining town, he invested his savings of twenty thousand dollars, a huge fortune at that time and all the money that he had in the world, in a luxurious sleeping car that he named the Pioneer. Pullman and friend Ben Field built the Pioneer on the site of the present-day Chicago Union Station. For two years, however, the Pioneer sat on a railroad siding, useless because it could not fit through train stations and over bridges.

Following President Lincoln's assassination in 1865, the state of Illinois, Lincoln's birthplace, wanted to transport the presidential casket in the finest fashion possible. The Pullman Pioneer was the most elegant car around; in order to make the Pullman part of the presidential funeral train in its run from Springfield to Chicago, the state cut down station platforms and raised bridges in order to accommodate the luxurious railway car. The Pullman car greatly impressed the funeral party, which included Lincoln's successor as president, General Ulysses S. Grant, and Grant later requested the Pioneer for a trip from Detroit to Chicago. To satisfy Grant's request for the Pioneer, the Michigan Central Railroad made improvements on its line to accommodate the wide car, and soon other railroads followed. George Pullman founded the Pullman Palace Car Company in partnership with financier Andrew Carnegie and eventually became a millionaire.

What is stated in the passage about George Pullman?

47. Questions 41-50

During the heyday of the railroads, when America's rail system provided the bulk of the country's passenger and freight transportation, various types of railroad cars were in service to accomplish the varied tasks handled by the railroads. One type of car that was not available for public use prior to the Civil War, however, was a sleeping car; ideas for sleeping cars abounded at the time, but these ideas were unworkable. It unfortunately took the death of a president to make the sleeping car a viable reality.

Cabinet-maker George M. Pullman had recognized the demand for sleeping cars and had worked on developing experimental models of sleeping cars in the decade leading up to the Civil War. However, in spite of the fact that he had made successful test runs on the Chicago and Alton Railroads with his models, he was unable to sell his idea because his models were too wide and too high for existing train stations and bridges. In 1863, after spending time working as a storekeeper in a Colorado mining town, he invested his savings of twenty thousand dollars, a huge fortune at that time and all the money that he had in the world, in a luxurious sleeping car that he named the Pioneer. Pullman and friend Ben Field built the Pioneer on the site of the present-day Chicago Union Station. For two years, however, the Pioneer sat on a railroad siding, useless because it could not fit through train stations and over bridges.

Following President Lincoln's assassination in 1865, the state of Illinois, Lincoln's birthplace, wanted to transport the presidential casket in the finest fashion possible. The Pullman Pioneer was the most elegant car around; in order to make the Pullman part of the presidential funeral train in its run from Springfield to Chicago, the state cut down station platforms and raised bridges in order to accommodate the luxurious railway car. The Pullman car greatly impressed the funeral party, which included Lincoln's successor as president, General Ulysses S. Grant, and Grant later requested the Pioneer for a trip from Detroit to Chicago. To satisfy Grant's request for the Pioneer, the Michigan Central Railroad made improvements on its line to accommodate the wide car, and soon other railroads followed. George Pullman founded the Pullman Palace Car Company in partnership with financier Andrew Carnegie and eventually became a millionaire.

The word .site" in the fourth sentence paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

48. Questions 41-50

During the heyday of the railroads, when America's rail system provided the bulk of the country's passenger and freight transportation, various types of railroad cars were in service to accomplish the varied tasks handled by the railroads. One type of car that was not available for public use prior to the Civil War, however, was a sleeping car; ideas for sleeping cars abounded at the time, but these ideas were unworkable. It unfortunately took the death of a president to make the sleeping car a viable reality.

Cabinet-maker George M. Pullman had recognized the demand for sleeping cars and had worked on developing experimental models of sleeping cars in the decade leading up to the Civil War. However, in spite of the fact that he had made successful test runs on the Chicago and Alton Railroads with his models, he was unable to sell his idea because his models were too wide and too high for existing train stations and bridges. In 1863, after spending time working as a storekeeper in a Colorado mining town, he invested his savings of twenty thousand dollars, a huge fortune at that time and all the money that he had in the world, in a luxurious sleeping car that he named the Pioneer. Pullman and friend Ben Field built the Pioneer on the site of the present-day Chicago Union Station. For two years, however, the Pioneer sat on a railroad siding, useless because it could not fit through train stations and over bridges.

Following President Lincoln's assassination in 1865, the state of Illinois, Lincoln's birthplace, wanted to transport the presidential casket in the finest fashion possible. The Pullman Pioneer was the most elegant car around; in order to make the Pullman part of the presidential funeral train in its run from Springfield to Chicago, the state cut down station platforms and raised bridges in order to accommodate the luxurious railway car. The Pullman car greatly impressed the funeral party, which included Lincoln's successor as president, General Ulysses S. Grant, and Grant later requested the Pioneer for a trip from Detroit to Chicago. To satisfy Grant's request for the Pioneer, the Michigan Central Railroad made improvements on its line to accommodate the wide car, and soon other railroads followed. George Pullman founded the Pullman Palace Car Company in partnership with financier Andrew Carnegie and eventually became a millionaire.

Why did the state of Illinois want to use the Pullman in Lincoln's funeral train?

49. Questions 41-50

During the heyday of the railroads, when America's rail system provided the bulk of the country's passenger and freight transportation, various types of railroad cars were in service to accomplish the varied tasks handled by the railroads. One type of car that was not available for public use prior to the Civil War, however, was a sleeping car; ideas for sleeping cars abounded at the time, but these ideas were unworkable. It unfortunately took the death of a president to make the sleeping car a viable reality.

Cabinet-maker George M. Pullman had recognized the demand for sleeping cars and had worked on developing experimental models of sleeping cars in the decade leading up to the Civil War. However, in spite of the fact that he had made successful test runs on the Chicago and Alton Railroads with his models, he was unable to sell his idea because his models were too wide and too high for existing train stations and bridges. In 1863, after spending time working as a storekeeper in a Colorado mining town, he invested his savings of twenty thousand dollars, a huge fortune at that time and all the money that he had in the world, in a luxurious sleeping car that he named the Pioneer. Pullman and friend Ben Field built the Pioneer on the site of the present-day Chicago Union Station. For two years, however, the Pioneer sat on a railroad siding, useless because it could not fit through train stations and over bridges.

Following President Lincoln's assassination in 1865, the state of Illinois, Lincoln's birthplace, wanted to transport the presidential casket in the finest fashion possible. The Pullman Pioneer was the most elegant car around; in order to make the Pullman part of the presidential funeral train in its run from Springfield to Chicago, the state cut down station platforms and raised bridges in order to accommodate the luxurious railway car. The Pullman car greatly impressed the funeral party, which included Lincoln's successor as president, General Ulysses S. Grant, and Grant later requested the Pioneer for a trip from Detroit to Chicago. To satisfy Grant's request for the Pioneer, the Michigan Central Railroad made improvements on its line to accommodate the wide car, and soon other railroads followed. George Pullman founded the Pullman Palace Car Company in partnership with financier Andrew Carnegie and eventually became a millionaire.

It can be inferred from the passage that the Michigan Central Railroad

50. Questions 41-50

During the heyday of the railroads, when America's rail system provided the bulk of the country's passenger and freight transportation, various types of railroad cars were in service to accomplish the varied tasks handled by the railroads. One type of car that was not available for public use prior to the Civil War, however, was a sleeping car; ideas for sleeping cars abounded at the time, but these ideas were unworkable. It unfortunately took the death of a president to make the sleeping car a viable reality.

Cabinet-maker George M. Pullman had recognized the demand for sleeping cars and had worked on developing experimental models of sleeping cars in the decade leading up to the Civil War. However, in spite of the fact that he had made successful test runs on the Chicago and Alton Railroads with his models, he was unable to sell his idea because his models were too wide and too high for existing train stations and bridges. In 1863, after spending time working as a storekeeper in a Colorado mining town, he invested his savings of twenty thousand dollars, a huge fortune at that time and all the money that he had in the world, in a luxurious sleeping car that he named the Pioneer. Pullman and friend Ben Field built the Pioneer on the site of the present-day Chicago Union Station. For two years, however, the Pioneer sat on a railroad siding, useless because it could not fit through train stations and over bridges.

Following President Lincoln's assassination in 1865, the state of Illinois, Lincoln's birthplace, wanted to transport the presidential casket in the finest fashion possible. The Pullman Pioneer was the most elegant car around; in order to make the Pullman part of the presidential funeral train in its run from Springfield to Chicago, the state cut down station platforms and raised bridges in order to accommodate the luxurious railway car. The Pullman car greatly impressed the funeral party, which included Lincoln's successor as president, General Ulysses S. Grant, and Grant later requested the Pioneer for a trip from Detroit to Chicago. To satisfy Grant's request for the Pioneer, the Michigan Central Railroad made improvements on its line to accommodate the wide car, and soon other railroads followed. George Pullman founded the Pullman Palace Car Company in partnership with financier Andrew Carnegie and eventually became a millionaire.

This passage would most likely be assigned in which of the following courses?