2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51. Different hormones __ at the same time on a particular target issue.

52. The tidal forces on the Earth due to __ only 0.46 of those due to the Moon.

53. Most radioactive elements occur in igneous and metamorphic __ fossils occur in sedimentary rocks.

54. __ radioisotope is encountered, the first step in its identification is the determination of its half-life.

55. The Missouri __ longest river in the United States, flows through seven states from its source in Montana to its confluence with the Mississippi.

56. Coral islands such as the Maldives are the tips of reefs built during periods of warm climate, when __ higher.

57. Hail forms within large, dense cumulonimbus __ develop on hot, humid summer days.

58. Measles is a highly contagious viral disease __ by a characteristic skin rash.

59. Charles Darwin's first scientific book, published in 1842, __ a since substantiated theory on the origin of coral reefs and atolls.

60. Phytoplanktons thrive where __ phosphorus into the upper layers of a body of water.

61. By the end of 1609, Galileo had a 20-power telescope that enabled him to see __ planets revolving around Jupiter.

62. On every continent except Antarctica ___ more than 30,000 species of spiders.

63. Many bugs possess defensive scent glands and emit disagreeable odors when __ .

64. Hurricanes move with the large-scale wind currents __ are imbedded.

65. __ the Earth's ice to melt, the Earth's oceans would rise by about two hundred feet.

66. The brilliantly colored rhinoceros viper has two or three horns above each nostrils.

67. Most of the outer planets has large swarms of satellites surrounding them.

68. Historical records show that Halley's comet has return about every seventy-six years for the past 2.000 years.

69. Robert Heinlein was instrumental in popularizing science fiction with a series of stories that is first published in the Saturday Evening Post.

70. Each number on the Richter scale represent a tenfold increase in the amplitude of waves of ground motion recorded during an earthquake.

71. Lake Tahoe, located on the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada range, is feed by more than thirty mountain streams.

72. Established in 1789 and operated by the Jesuits. Georgetown University in Washington. D.C. is the older Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in the United States.

73. The surface of the planet Venus is almost completely hid by the thick clouds that shroud it.

74. Present in rocks of all types, hematite is particular abundant in the sedimentary rocks known as red beds.

75. Tropical cyclones, alike extratropical cyclones, which derive much of their energy from the jet stream. originate far from the polar front.

76. Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first U.S. women's rights convention in 1848 and was instrumentally in the struggle to win voting and property rights for women.

77. Jaguarundis are sleek, long-tailed creatures colored either an uniform reddish brown or dark grey.

78. It is possible to get a sunburn on a cloudy day because eighty percent of the ultraviolet rays from the Sun would penetrate cloud cover.

79. In 1964, GAIT established the International Trade Center in order to assist developing countries in the promotion of its exports.

80. Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22 satirizes both the horrors of war as well as the power of modem bureaucratic institutions.

81. In Roots, Alex Haley uses fictional details to embellish a factual histories of seven generations of his family.

82. The carbon atoms of the diamond are so strongly bonded that a diamond can only be scratched with other diamond.

83. Viruses are extremely tiny parasites that are able to reproduce only within the cells of theirs hosts.

84. During the last Ice Age, which ended about 10,000 years ago, there was about three times more ice than is today.

85. Melons most probably originated in Persia and were introduced the North American continent during the sixteenth century.

86. More than 600 million individual bacteria lives on the skin of humans.

87. The more directly overhead the Moon is, the great is the effect that it exhibits on the Earth.

88. As the International Dateline at 180 degrees longitude is crossed westerly, it becomes necessary to change the date by moving it one day forward.

89. Kilauea's numerous eruptions are generally composed in molten lava, with little escaping gas and few explosions.

90. The incubation period of tetanus is usually five to ten days, and the most frequently occurred symptom is jaw stiffness.

91. Questions 1-11

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from very inauspicious and humble beginnings.

This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a college in October of 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin and is the site of the present-day university.

When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.

Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire teaching staff consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

The main idea of this passage is that

92. Questions 1-11

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from very inauspicious and humble beginnings.

This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a college in October of 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin and is the site of the present-day university.

When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.

Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire teaching staff consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

The passage indicates that Harvard is

93. Questions 1-11

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from very inauspicious and humble beginnings.

This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a college in October of 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin and is the site of the present-day university.

When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.

Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire teaching staff consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

It can be inferred from the passage that the Puritans who traveled to the Massachusetts colony were

94. Questions 1-11

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from very inauspicious and humble beginnings.

This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a college in October of 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin and is the site of the present-day university.

When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.

Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire teaching staff consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

The pronoun "they" in the second sentence paragraph 2 refers to

95. Questions 1-11

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from very inauspicious and humble beginnings.

This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a college in October of 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin and is the site of the present-day university.

When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.

Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire teaching staff consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

The "pounds" in the third sentence paragraph 2 are probably

96. Questions 1-11

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from very inauspicious and humble beginnings.

This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a college in October of 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin and is the site of the present-day university.

When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.

Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire teaching staff consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

The "English cousin" in the third sentence paragraph 2 refers to a

97. Questions 1-11

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from very inauspicious and humble beginnings.

This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a college in October of 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin and is the site of the present-day university.

When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.

Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire teaching staff consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned about John Harvard?

98. Questions 1-11

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from very inauspicious and humble beginnings.

This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a college in October of 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin and is the site of the present-day university.

When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.

Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire teaching staff consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

The word "fledgling" in the first sentence paragraph 3 could best be replaced by which of the following?

99. Questions 1-11

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from very inauspicious and humble beginnings.

This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a college in October of 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin and is the site of the present-day university.

When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.

Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire teaching staff consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

The passage implies that

100. Questions 1-11

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from very inauspicious and humble beginnings.

This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a college in October of 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin and is the site of the present-day university.

When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.

Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire teaching staff consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

The word "somewhat" in the second sentence paragraph 4 could best be replaced by

101. Questions 1-11

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from very inauspicious and humble beginnings.

This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a college in October of 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin and is the site of the present-day university.

When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.

Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire teaching staff consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

Where in the passage does it indicate how much money Minister Harvard was really responsible for giving to the university?

102. Questions 12-21

A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity. Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they generally appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes one to orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.

Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested that such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a "black hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for about two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially identified based on the interactions of objects around them, as happens when a potential black hole is part of a binary star; they, of course, cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the
star's powerful gravity.

A binary star could best be described as

103. Questions 12-21

A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity. Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they generally appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes one to orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.

Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested that such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a "black hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for about two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially identified based on the interactions of objects around them, as happens when a potential black hole is part of a binary star; they, of course, cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the
star's powerful gravity.

The word "distinguished" in the second sentence paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

104. Questions 12-21

A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity. Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they generally appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes one to orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.

Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested that such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a "black hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for about two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially identified based on the interactions of objects around them, as happens when a potential black hole is part of a binary star; they, of course, cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the
star's powerful gravity.

According to the passage, what happens as a result of the gravitational force between the stars?

105. Questions 12-21

A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity. Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they generally appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes one to orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.

Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested that such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a "black hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for about two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially identified based on the interactions of objects around them, as happens when a potential black hole is part of a binary star; they, of course, cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the
star's powerful gravity.

The word "proportion" in the third sentence paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

106. Questions 12-21

A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity. Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they generally appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes one to orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.

Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested that such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a "black hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for about two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially identified based on the interactions of objects around them, as happens when a potential black hole is part of a binary star; they, of course, cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the
star's powerful gravity.

A "black hole" in the third sentence paragraph 2 is

107. Questions 12-21

A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity. Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they generally appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes one to orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.

Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested that such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a "black hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for about two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially identified based on the interactions of objects around them, as happens when a potential black hole is part of a binary star; they, of course, cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the
star's powerful gravity.

Which of the following statements about black hole is NOT supported by the passage?

108. Questions 12-21

A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity. Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they generally appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes one to orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.

Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested that such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a "black hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for about two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially identified based on the interactions of objects around them, as happens when a potential black hole is part of a binary star; they, of course, cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the
star's powerful gravity.

The word "get" in the third sentence paragraph 2 could best be replaced by

109. Questions 12-21

A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity. Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they generally appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes one to orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.

Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested that such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a "black hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for about two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially identified based on the interactions of objects around them, as happens when a potential black hole is part of a binary star; they, of course, cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the
star's powerful gravity.

Which of the following is implied In the passage about the theory of black holes?

110. Questions 12-21

A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity. Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they generally appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes one to orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.

Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested that such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a "black hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for about two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially identified based on the interactions of objects around them, as happens when a potential black hole is part of a binary star; they, of course, cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the
star's powerful gravity.

The word "intense" in the fourth sentence paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

111. Questions 12-21

A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity. Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they generally appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes one to orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.

Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested that such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a "black hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for about two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially identified based on the interactions of objects around them, as happens when a potential black hole is part of a binary star; they, of course, cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the star's powerful gravity.

This passage would probably be assigned reading in a course on

112. Questions 22-30

Clara Barton is well known for her endeavors as a nurse on the battlefield during the Civil War and for her role in founding the American Red Cross. She is perhaps not as well known, however, for her role in establishing a bureau for tracing missing soldiers following the Civil War.

At the close of the Civil War, the United States did not have in place any agency responsible for accounting for what had happened to the innumerable men who had served in the military during the war, and many families had no idea as to the fate of their loved ones. Families were forced to agonize endlessly over where their loved ones were, what kind of shape they were in, whether or not they would return, and what had happened to them.

Clara Barton developed a system for using print media to publish the names of soldiers known to have been wounded or killed during various battles of the Civil War. She was prepared to publish names that she herself had gathered on the battlefield as well as information gathered from others. She made numerous unsuccessful attempts to interest various government officials in her plan. However, it was not until Henry Wilson, a senator from the state of Massachusetts, took up her cause and presented her plan to President Lincoln that her plan was implemented.

With Lincoln's assistance, Clara Barton was set up in a small government office with funding for a few clerks and the authority to examine military records. She and her clerks gathered and compiled information from military records and battlefield witnesses and published it in newspapers and magazines. Clara Barton operated this missing persons bureau for four years, from the end of the war in 1865 until 1869. During this period, she and her staff put out more than 100,000 printed lists, answered more than 60,000 letters, and accounted for more than 20,000 missing soldiers.

The purpose of this passage is

113. Questions 22-30

Clara Barton is well known for her endeavors as a nurse on the battlefield during the Civil War and for her role in founding the American Red Cross. She is perhaps not as well known, however, for her role in establishing a bureau for tracing missing soldiers following the Civil War.

At the close of the Civil War, the United States did not have in place any agency responsible for accounting for what had happened to the innumerable men who had served in the military during the war, and many families had no idea as to the fate of their loved ones. Families were forced to agonize endlessly over where their loved ones were, what kind of shape they were in, whether or not they would return, and what had happened to them.

Clara Barton developed a system for using print media to publish the names of soldiers known to have been wounded or killed during various battles of the Civil War. She was prepared to publish names that she herself had gathered on the battlefield as well as information gathered from others. She made numerous unsuccessful attempts to interest various government officials in her plan. However, it was not until Henry Wilson, a senator from the state of Massachusetts, took up her cause and presented her plan to President Lincoln that her plan was implemented.

With Lincoln's assistance, Clara Barton was set up in a small government office with funding for a few clerks and the authority to examine military records. She and her clerks gathered and compiled information from military records and battlefield witnesses and published it in newspapers and magazines. Clara Barton operated this missing persons bureau for four years, from the end of the war in 1865 until 1869. During this period, she and her staff put out more than 100,000 printed lists, answered more than 60,000 letters, and accounted for more than 20,000 missing soldiers.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of Clara Barton's accomplishments?

114. Questions 22-30

Clara Barton is well known for her endeavors as a nurse on the battlefield during the Civil War and for her role in founding the American Red Cross. She is perhaps not as well known, however, for her role in establishing a bureau for tracing missing soldiers following the Civil War.

At the close of the Civil War, the United States did not have in place any agency responsible for accounting for what had happened to the innumerable men who had served in the military during the war, and many families had no idea as to the fate of their loved ones. Families were forced to agonize endlessly over where their loved ones were, what kind of shape they were in, whether or not they would return, and what had happened to them.

Clara Barton developed a system for using print media to publish the names of soldiers known to have been wounded or killed during various battles of the Civil War. She was prepared to publish names that she herself had gathered on the battlefield as well as information gathered from others. She made numerous unsuccessful attempts to interest various government officials in her plan. However, it was not until Henry Wilson, a senator from the state of Massachusetts, took up her cause and presented her plan to President Lincoln that her plan was implemented.

With Lincoln's assistance, Clara Barton was set up in a small government office with funding for a few clerks and the authority to examine military records. She and her clerks gathered and compiled information from military records and battlefield witnesses and published it in newspapers and magazines. Clara Barton operated this missing persons bureau for four years, from the end of the war in 1865 until 1869. During this period, she and her staff put out more than 100,000 printed lists, answered more than 60,000 letters, and accounted for more than 20,000 missing soldiers.

The word "close" in the first sentence paragraph 2 could best be replaced by

115. Questions 22-30

Clara Barton is well known for her endeavors as a nurse on the battlefield during the Civil War and for her role in founding the American Red Cross. She is perhaps not as well known, however, for her role in establishing a bureau for tracing missing soldiers following the Civil War.

At the close of the Civil War, the United States did not have in place any agency responsible for accounting for what had happened to the innumerable men who had served in the military during the war, and many families had no idea as to the fate of their loved ones. Families were forced to agonize endlessly over where their loved ones were, what kind of shape they were in, whether or not they would return, and what had happened to them.

Clara Barton developed a system for using print media to publish the names of soldiers known to have been wounded or killed during various battles of the Civil War. She was prepared to publish names that she herself had gathered on the battlefield as well as information gathered from others. She made numerous unsuccessful attempts to interest various government officials in her plan. However, it was not until Henry Wilson, a senator from the state of Massachusetts, took up her cause and presented her plan to President Lincoln that her plan was implemented.

With Lincoln's assistance, Clara Barton was set up in a small government office with funding for a few clerks and the authority to examine military records. She and her clerks gathered and compiled information from military records and battlefield witnesses and published it in newspapers and magazines. Clara Barton operated this missing persons bureau for four years, from the end of the war in 1865 until 1869. During this period, she and her staff put out more than 100,000 printed lists, answered more than 60,000 letters, and accounted for more than 20,000 missing soldiers.

What is stated in the passage about the issue of missing persons following the Civil War?

116. Questions 22-30

Clara Barton is well known for her endeavors as a nurse on the battlefield during the Civil War and for her role in founding the American Red Cross. She is perhaps not as well known, however, for her role in establishing a bureau for tracing missing soldiers following the Civil War.

At the close of the Civil War, the United States did not have in place any agency responsible for accounting for what had happened to the innumerable men who had served in the military during the war, and many families had no idea as to the fate of their loved ones. Families were forced to agonize endlessly over where their loved ones were, what kind of shape they were in, whether or not they would return, and what had happened to them.

Clara Barton developed a system for using print media to publish the names of soldiers known to have been wounded or killed during various battles of the Civil War. She was prepared to publish names that she herself had gathered on the battlefield as well as information gathered from others. She made numerous unsuccessful attempts to interest various government officials in her plan. However, it was not until Henry Wilson, a senator from the state of Massachusetts, took up her cause and presented her plan to President Lincoln that her plan was implemented.

With Lincoln's assistance, Clara Barton was set up in a small government office with funding for a few clerks and the authority to examine military records. She and her clerks gathered and compiled information from military records and battlefield witnesses and published it in newspapers and magazines. Clara Barton operated this missing persons bureau for four years, from the end of the war in 1865 until 1869. During this period, she and her staff put out more than 100,000 printed lists, answered more than 60,000 letters, and accounted for more than 20,000 missing soldiers.

It can be inferred from the passage that the budget for Barton's missing persons agency was

117. Questions 22-30

Clara Barton is well known for her endeavors as a nurse on the battlefield during the Civil War and for her role in founding the American Red Cross. She is perhaps not as well known, however, for her role in establishing a bureau for tracing missing soldiers following the Civil War.

At the close of the Civil War, the United States did not have in place any agency responsible for accounting for what had happened to the innumerable men who had served in the military during the war, and many families had no idea as to the fate of their loved ones. Families were forced to agonize endlessly over where their loved ones were, what kind of shape they were in, whether or not they would return, and what had happened to them.

Clara Barton developed a system for using print media to publish the names of soldiers known to have been wounded or killed during various battles of the Civil War. She was prepared to publish names that she herself had gathered on the battlefield as well as information gathered from others. She made numerous unsuccessful attempts to interest various government officials in her plan. However, it was not until Henry Wilson, a senator from the state of Massachusetts, took up her cause and presented her plan to President Lincoln that her plan was implemented.

With Lincoln's assistance, Clara Barton was set up in a small government office with funding for a few clerks and the authority to examine military records. She and her clerks gathered and compiled information from military records and battlefield witnesses and published it in newspapers and magazines. Clara Barton operated this missing persons bureau for four years, from the end of the war in 1865 until 1869. During this period, she and her staff put out more than 100,000 printed lists, answered more than 60,000 letters, and accounted for more than 20,000 missing soldiers.

The pronoun "it" in second sentence paragraph 4 refers to

118. Questions 22-30

Clara Barton is well known for her endeavors as a nurse on the battlefield during the Civil War and for her role in founding the American Red Cross. She is perhaps not as well known, however, for her role in establishing a bureau for tracing missing soldiers following the Civil War.

At the close of the Civil War, the United States did not have in place any agency responsible for accounting for what had happened to the innumerable men who had served in the military during the war, and many families had no idea as to the fate of their loved ones. Families were forced to agonize endlessly over where their loved ones were, what kind of shape they were in, whether or not they would return, and what had happened to them.

Clara Barton developed a system for using print media to publish the names of soldiers known to have been wounded or killed during various battles of the Civil War. She was prepared to publish names that she herself had gathered on the battlefield as well as information gathered from others. She made numerous unsuccessful attempts to interest various government officials in her plan. However, it was not until Henry Wilson, a senator from the state of Massachusetts, took up her cause and presented her plan to President Lincoln that her plan was implemented.

With Lincoln's assistance, Clara Barton was set up in a small government office with funding for a few clerks and the authority to examine military records. She and her clerks gathered and compiled information from military records and battlefield witnesses and published it in newspapers and magazines. Clara Barton operated this missing persons bureau for four years, from the end of the war in 1865 until 1869. During this period, she and her staff put out more than 100,000 printed lists, answered more than 60,000 letters, and accounted for more than 20,000 missing soldiers.

Which of the following did Clara Barton and her staff accomplish, according to the passage?

119. Questions 22-30

Clara Barton is well known for her endeavors as a nurse on the battlefield during the Civil War and for her role in founding the American Red Cross. She is perhaps not as well known, however, for her role in establishing a bureau for tracing missing soldiers following the Civil War.

At the close of the Civil War, the United States did not have in place any agency responsible for accounting for what had happened to the innumerable men who had served in the military during the war, and many families had no idea as to the fate of their loved ones. Families were forced to agonize endlessly over where their loved ones were, what kind of shape they were in, whether or not they would return, and what had happened to them.

Clara Barton developed a system for using print media to publish the names of soldiers known to have been wounded or killed during various battles of the Civil War. She was prepared to publish names that she herself had gathered on the battlefield as well as information gathered from others. She made numerous unsuccessful attempts to interest various government officials in her plan. However, it was not until Henry Wilson, a senator from the state of Massachusetts, took up her cause and presented her plan to President Lincoln that her plan was implemented.

With Lincoln's assistance, Clara Barton was set up in a small government office with funding for a few clerks and the authority to examine military records. She and her clerks gathered and compiled information from military records and battlefield witnesses and published it in newspapers and magazines. Clara Barton operated this missing persons bureau for four years, from the end of the war in 1865 until 1869. During this period, she and her staff put out more than 100,000 printed lists, answered more than 60,000 letters, and accounted for more than 20,000 missing soldiers.

Where in the passage does the author indicate the duration of the existence of Clara Barton's missing persons agency?

120. Questions 22-30

Clara Barton is well known for her endeavors as a nurse on the battlefield during the Civil War and for her role in founding the American Red Cross. She is perhaps not as well known, however, for her role in establishing a bureau for tracing missing soldiers following the Civil War.

At the close of the Civil War, the United States did not have in place any agency responsible for accounting for what had happened to the innumerable men who had served in the military during the war, and many families had no idea as to the fate of their loved ones. Families were forced to agonize endlessly over where their loved ones were, what kind of shape they were in, whether or not they would return, and what had happened to them.

Clara Barton developed a system for using print media to publish the names of soldiers known to have been wounded or killed during various battles of the Civil War. She was prepared to publish names that she herself had gathered on the battlefield as well as information gathered from others. She made numerous unsuccessful attempts to interest various government officials in her plan. However, it was not until Henry Wilson, a senator from the state of Massachusetts, took up her cause and presented her plan to President Lincoln that her plan was implemented.

With Lincoln's assistance, Clara Barton was set up in a small government office with funding for a few clerks and the authority to examine military records. She and her clerks gathered and compiled information from military records and battlefield witnesses and published it in newspapers and magazines. Clara Barton operated this missing persons bureau for four years, from the end of the war in 1865 until 1869. During this period, she and her staff put out more than 100,000 printed lists, answered more than 60,000 letters, and accounted for more than 20,000 missing soldiers.

Which paragraph describes Clara Barton's efforts to establish a missing persons bureau?

121. Questions 31-40

Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state that is mutually beneficial. It can exist between two animals, between two plants, or between a plant and an animal. Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes, while in mutualism both partners live on a give-and-take basis.

In the African wilds, the zebra and the ostrich enjoy a symbiotic relationship that enhances the ability of each of these large land animals to survive. Both serve as prey for the lion, and neither has the capability alone to withstand an attack from this fierce hunter. However, when the zebra and the ostrich collaborate in their defense by alerting each other to possible danger from an approaching predator, the lion is rarely able to capture more than the oldest or feeblest of the herd.

The complementary physical strengths and weaknesses of the ostrich and the zebra allow them to work in coordination to avoid succumbing to the lion. The ostrich, the largest flightless bird in the world, possesses great speed and keen eyesight, which enable it to spot large predatory animals long before they are able to position themselves to attack. The zebra. with a running speed equal to that of the ostrich. has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich. When ostriches and zebras intermix for grazing. each animal benefits from the ability of the other to detect approaching danger. If either animal senses danger. both animals are alerted and take off. With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator except the cheetah.

How is the information in the passage organized?

122. Questions 31-40

Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state that is mutually beneficial. It can exist between two animals, between two plants, or between a plant and an animal. Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes, while in mutualism both partners live on a give-and-take basis.

In the African wilds, the zebra and the ostrich enjoy a symbiotic relationship that enhances the ability of each of these large land animals to survive. Both serve as prey for the lion, and neither has the capability alone to withstand an attack from this fierce hunter. However, when the zebra and the ostrich collaborate in their defense by alerting each other to possible danger from an approaching predator, the lion is rarely able to capture more than the oldest or feeblest of the herd.

The complementary physical strengths and weaknesses of the ostrich and the zebra allow them to work in coordination to avoid succumbing to the lion. The ostrich, the largest flightless bird in the world, possesses great speed and keen eyesight, which enable it to spot large predatory animals long before they are able to position themselves to attack. The zebra. with a running speed equal to that of the ostrich. has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich. When ostriches and zebras intermix for grazing. each animal benefits from the ability of the other to detect approaching danger. If either animal senses danger. both animals are alerted and take off. With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator except the cheetah.

The word "unlike" in the first sentence paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

123. Questions 31-40

Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state that is mutually beneficial. It can exist between two animals, between two plants, or between a plant and an animal. Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes, while in mutualism both partners live on a give-and-take basis.

In the African wilds, the zebra and the ostrich enjoy a symbiotic relationship that enhances the ability of each of these large land animals to survive. Both serve as prey for the lion, and neither has the capability alone to withstand an attack from this fierce hunter. However, when the zebra and the ostrich collaborate in their defense by alerting each other to possible danger from an approaching predator, the lion is rarely able to capture more than the oldest or feeblest of the herd.

The complementary physical strengths and weaknesses of the ostrich and the zebra allow them to work in coordination to avoid succumbing to the lion. The ostrich, the largest flightless bird in the world, possesses great speed and keen eyesight, which enable it to spot large predatory animals long before they are able to position themselves to attack. The zebra. with a running speed equal to that of the ostrich. has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich. When ostriches and zebras intermix for grazing. each animal benefits from the ability of the other to detect approaching danger. If either animal senses danger. both animals are alerted and take off. With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator except the cheetah.

The word "beneficial" in the first sentence paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

124. Questions 31-40

Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state that is mutually beneficial. It can exist between two animals, between two plants, or between a plant and an animal. Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes, while in mutualism both partners live on a give-and-take basis.

In the African wilds, the zebra and the ostrich enjoy a symbiotic relationship that enhances the ability of each of these large land animals to survive. Both serve as prey for the lion, and neither has the capability alone to withstand an attack from this fierce hunter. However, when the zebra and the ostrich collaborate in their defense by alerting each other to possible danger from an approaching predator, the lion is rarely able to capture more than the oldest or feeblest of the herd.

The complementary physical strengths and weaknesses of the ostrich and the zebra allow them to work in coordination to avoid succumbing to the lion. The ostrich, the largest flightless bird in the world, possesses great speed and keen eyesight, which enable it to spot large predatory animals long before they are able to position themselves to attack. The zebra. with a running speed equal to that of the ostrich. has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich. When ostriches and zebras intermix for grazing. each animal benefits from the ability of the other to detect approaching danger. If either animal senses danger. both animals are alerted and take off. With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator except the cheetah.

What is "commensalism" in the first sentence paragraph 1 ?

125. Questions 31-40

Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state that is mutually beneficial. It can exist between two animals, between two plants, or between a plant and an animal. Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes, while in mutualism both partners live on a give-and-take basis.

In the African wilds, the zebra and the ostrich enjoy a symbiotic relationship that enhances the ability of each of these large land animals to survive. Both serve as prey for the lion, and neither has the capability alone to withstand an attack from this fierce hunter. However, when the zebra and the ostrich collaborate in their defense by alerting each other to possible danger from an approaching predator, the lion is rarely able to capture more than the oldest or feeblest of the herd.

The complementary physical strengths and weaknesses of the ostrich and the zebra allow them to work in coordination to avoid succumbing to the lion. The ostrich, the largest flightless bird in the world, possesses great speed and keen eyesight, which enable it to spot large predatory animals long before they are able to position themselves to attack. The zebra. with a running speed equal to that of the ostrich. has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich. When ostriches and zebras intermix for grazing. each animal benefits from the ability of the other to detect approaching danger. If either animal senses danger. both animals are alerted and take off. With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator except the cheetah.

What is implied in the passage about the zebra and the ostrich?

126. Questions 31-40

Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state that is mutually beneficial. It can exist between two animals, between two plants, or between a plant and an animal. Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes, while in mutualism both partners live on a give-and-take basis.

In the African wilds, the zebra and the ostrich enjoy a symbiotic relationship that enhances the ability of each of these large land animals to survive. Both serve as prey for the lion, and neither has the capability alone to withstand an attack from this fierce hunter. However, when the zebra and the ostrich collaborate in their defense by alerting each other to possible danger from an approaching predator, the lion is rarely able to capture more than the oldest or feeblest of the herd.

The complementary physical strengths and weaknesses of the ostrich and the zebra allow them to work in coordination to avoid succumbing to the lion. The ostrich, the largest flightless bird in the world, possesses great speed and keen eyesight, which enable it to spot large predatory animals long before they are able to position themselves to attack. The zebra. with a running speed equal to that of the ostrich. has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich. When ostriches and zebras intermix for grazing. each animal benefits from the ability of the other to detect approaching danger. If either animal senses danger. both animals are alerted and take off. With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator except the cheetah.

What is stated in the passage about the lion?

127. Questions 31-40

Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state that is mutually beneficial. It can exist between two animals, between two plants, or between a plant and an animal. Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes, while in mutualism both partners live on a give-and-take basis.

In the African wilds, the zebra and the ostrich enjoy a symbiotic relationship that enhances the ability of each of these large land animals to survive. Both serve as prey for the lion, and neither has the capability alone to withstand an attack from this fierce hunter. However, when the zebra and the ostrich collaborate in their defense by alerting each other to possible danger from an approaching predator, the lion is rarely able to capture more than the oldest or feeblest of the herd.

The complementary physical strengths and weaknesses of the ostrich and the zebra allow them to work in coordination to avoid succumbing to the lion. The ostrich, the largest flightless bird in the world, possesses great speed and keen eyesight, which enable it to spot large predatory animals long before they are able to position themselves to attack. The zebra. with a running speed equal to that of the ostrich. has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich. When ostriches and zebras intermix for grazing. each animal benefits from the ability of the other to detect approaching danger. If either animal senses danger. both animals are alerted and take off. With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator except the cheetah.

The word "collaborate" in the third sentence paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

128. Questions 31-40

Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state that is mutually beneficial. It can exist between two animals, between two plants, or between a plant and an animal. Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes, while in mutualism both partners live on a give-and-take basis.

In the African wilds, the zebra and the ostrich enjoy a symbiotic relationship that enhances the ability of each of these large land animals to survive. Both serve as prey for the lion, and neither has the capability alone to withstand an attack from this fierce hunter. However, when the zebra and the ostrich collaborate in their defense by alerting each other to possible danger from an approaching predator, the lion is rarely able to capture more than the oldest or feeblest of the herd.

The complementary physical strengths and weaknesses of the ostrich and the zebra allow them to work in coordination to avoid succumbing to the lion. The ostrich, the largest flightless bird in the world, possesses great speed and keen eyesight, which enable it to spot large predatory animals long before they are able to position themselves to attack. The zebra. with a running speed equal to that of the ostrich. has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich. When ostriches and zebras intermix for grazing. each animal benefits from the ability of the other to detect approaching danger. If either animal senses danger. both animals are alerted and take off. With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator except the cheetah.

The pronoun "it" in the second sentence paragraph 3 refers to

129. Questions 31-40

Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state that is mutually beneficial. It can exist between two animals, between two plants, or between a plant and an animal. Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes, while in mutualism both partners live on a give-and-take basis.

In the African wilds, the zebra and the ostrich enjoy a symbiotic relationship that enhances the ability of each of these large land animals to survive. Both serve as prey for the lion, and neither has the capability alone to withstand an attack from this fierce hunter. However, when the zebra and the ostrich collaborate in their defense by alerting each other to possible danger from an approaching predator, the lion is rarely able to capture more than the oldest or feeblest of the herd.

The complementary physical strengths and weaknesses of the ostrich and the zebra allow them to work in coordination to avoid succumbing to the lion. The ostrich, the largest flightless bird in the world, possesses great speed and keen eyesight, which enable it to spot large predatory animals long before they are able to position themselves to attack. The zebra. with a running speed equal to that of the ostrich. has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich. When ostriches and zebras intermix for grazing. each animal benefits from the ability of the other to detect approaching danger. If either animal senses danger. both animals are alerted and take off. With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator except the cheetah.

Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?

130. Questions 31-40

Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state that is mutually beneficial. It can exist between two animals, between two plants, or between a plant and an animal. Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes, while in mutualism both partners live on a give-and-take basis.

In the African wilds, the zebra and the ostrich enjoy a symbiotic relationship that enhances the ability of each of these large land animals to survive. Both serve as prey for the lion, and neither has the capability alone to withstand an attack from this fierce hunter. However, when the zebra and the ostrich collaborate in their defense by alerting each other to possible danger from an approaching predator, the lion is rarely able to capture more than the oldest or feeblest of the herd.

The complementary physical strengths and weaknesses of the ostrich and the zebra allow them to work in coordination to avoid succumbing to the lion. The ostrich, the largest flightless bird in the world, possesses great speed and keen eyesight, which enable it to spot large predatory animals long before they are able to position themselves to attack. The zebra. with a running speed equal to that of the ostrich. has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich. When ostriches and zebras intermix for grazing. each animal benefits from the ability of the other to detect approaching danger. If either animal senses danger. both animals are alerted and take off. With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator except the cheetah.

Where in the passage does the author mention the one animal that is faster than both the ostrich and the zebra?

131. Questions 41-50

Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more than a century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhofbelieved that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.

In Zamenhof's first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understand or to retain.

Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in this language end in 0, as in the noun amiko, which means "friend," and all adjectives end in -a, as in the adjective bela, which means "pretty." Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means "enemy," and the word malbela therefore means "ugly" in Zamenhof's language.

In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used a pen name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto because this word means "a person who hopes" in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by 1905, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia.

In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000 attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World War I erupted and forced its cancellation.

Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I. Today, years after it was introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it. This may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion English speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today's world. Current advocates would like to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.

The topic of this passage is

132. Questions 41-50

Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more than a century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhofbelieved that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.

In Zamenhof's first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understand or to retain.

Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in this language end in 0, as in the noun amiko, which means "friend," and all adjectives end in -a, as in the adjective bela, which means "pretty." Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means "enemy," and the word malbela therefore means "ugly" in Zamenhof's language.

In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used a pen name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto because this word means "a person who hopes" in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by 1905, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia.

In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000 attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World War I erupted and forced its cancellation.

Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I. Today, years after it was introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it. This may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion English speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today's world. Current advocates would like to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.

According to the passage, Zamenhof wanted to create a universal language

133. Questions 41-50

Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more than a century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhofbelieved that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.

In Zamenhof's first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understand or to retain.

Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in this language end in 0, as in the noun amiko, which means "friend," and all adjectives end in -a, as in the adjective bela, which means "pretty." Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means "enemy," and the word malbela therefore means "ugly" in Zamenhof's language.

In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used a pen name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto because this word means "a person who hopes" in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by 1905, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia.

In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000 attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World War I erupted and forced its cancellation.

Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I. Today, years after it was introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it. This may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion English speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today's world. Current advocates would like to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.

It can be inferred from the passage that the Esperanto word malespera means

134. Questions 41-50

Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more than a century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhofbelieved that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.

In Zamenhof's first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understand or to retain.

Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in this language end in 0, as in the noun amiko, which means "friend," and all adjectives end in -a, as in the adjective bela, which means "pretty." Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means "enemy," and the word malbela therefore means "ugly" in Zamenhof's language.

In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used a pen name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto because this word means "a person who hopes" in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by 1905, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia.

In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000 attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World War I erupted and forced its cancellation.

Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I. Today, years after it was introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it. This may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion English speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today's world. Current advocates would like to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.

The expression "popping up' in the fourth sentence paragraph 4 could best be replaced by

135. Questions 41-50

Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more than a century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhofbelieved that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.

In Zamenhof's first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understand or to retain.

Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in this language end in 0, as in the noun amiko, which means "friend," and all adjectives end in -a, as in the adjective bela, which means "pretty." Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means "enemy," and the word malbela therefore means "ugly" in Zamenhof's language.

In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used a pen name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto because this word means "a person who hopes" in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by 1905, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia.

In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000 attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World War I erupted and forced its cancellation.

Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I. Today, years after it was introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it. This may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion English speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today's world. Current advocates would like to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.

It can be inferred from the passage that the Third World Congress of Esperanto took place

136. Questions 41-50

Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more than a century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhofbelieved that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.

In Zamenhof's first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understand or to retain.

Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in this language end in 0, as in the noun amiko, which means "friend," and all adjectives end in -a, as in the adjective bela, which means "pretty." Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means "enemy," and the word malbela therefore means "ugly" in Zamenhof's language.

In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used a pen name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto because this word means "a person who hopes" in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by 1905, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia.

In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000 attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World War I erupted and forced its cancellation.

Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I. Today, years after it was introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it. This may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion English speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today's world. Current advocates would like to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.

According to the passage, what happened to the Tenth World Esperanto Congress?

137. Questions 41-50

Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more than a century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhofbelieved that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.

In Zamenhof's first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understand or to retain.

Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in this language end in 0, as in the noun amiko, which means "friend," and all adjectives end in -a, as in the adjective bela, which means "pretty." Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means "enemy," and the word malbela therefore means "ugly" in Zamenhof's language.

In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used a pen name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto because this word means "a person who hopes" in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by 1905, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia.

In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000 attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World War I erupted and forced its cancellation.

Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I. Today, years after it was introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it. This may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion English speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today's world. Current advocates would like to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.

The expression "ups and downs" in the first sentence paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to

138. Questions 41-50

Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more than a century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhofbelieved that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.

In Zamenhof's first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understand or to retain.

Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in this language end in 0, as in the noun amiko, which means "friend," and all adjectives end in -a, as in the adjective bela, which means "pretty." Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means "enemy," and the word malbela therefore means "ugly" in Zamenhof's language.

In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used a pen name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto because this word means "a person who hopes" in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by 1905, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia.

In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000 attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World War I erupted and forced its cancellation.

Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I. Today, years after it was introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it. This may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion English speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today's world. Current advocates would like to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.

Which paragraph describes the predecessor to Esperanto?

139. Questions 41-50

Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more than a century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhofbelieved that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.

In Zamenhof's first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understand or to retain.

Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in this language end in 0, as in the noun amiko, which means "friend," and all adjectives end in -a, as in the adjective bela, which means "pretty." Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means "enemy," and the word malbela therefore means "ugly" in Zamenhof's language.

In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used a pen name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto because this word means "a person who hopes" in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by 1905, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia.

In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000 attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World War I erupted and forced its cancellation.

Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I. Today, years after it was introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it. This may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion English speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today's world. Current advocates would like to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.

This passage would most likely be assigned reading in a course on

140. Questions 41-50

Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more than a century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhofbelieved that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.

In Zamenhof's first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy to understand or to retain.

Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in this language end in 0, as in the noun amiko, which means "friend," and all adjectives end in -a, as in the adjective bela, which means "pretty." Another example of the simplified language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means "enemy," and the word malbela therefore means "ugly" in Zamenhof's language.

In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used a pen name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto because this word means "a person who hopes" in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by 1905, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia.

In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700 attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000 attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World War I erupted and forced its cancellation.

Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I. Today, years after it was introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it. This may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion English speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today's world. Current advocates would like to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.

The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses